Identifying heavy stellar black holes at cosmological distances with next generation gravitational-wave observatories

Abstract

We investigate the detectability of single-event coalescing black hole binaries with total mass of $100-600 M_{\odot}$ at cosmological distances ($5 \lesssim z \lesssim 20$) with the next generation of terrestrial gravitational wave observatories, specifically Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. Our ability to observe these binaries is limited by the low-frequency performance of the detectors. Higher-order Multipoles of the gravitational wave signal are observable in these systems, and detection of such multipoles serves to both b the mass range over which black hole binaries are observable and improve the recovery of their individual masses and redshift. For high redshift systems of $\sim 200 M_{\odot}$ we will be able to confidently infer that the redshift is at least $z=12$, and for systems of $\sim 400 M_{\odot}$ we can infer a minimum redshift of at least $z=8$. We discuss the impact that these observations will have in narrowing uncertainties on the existence of the pair-instability mass-gap, and their implications on the formation of the first stellar black holes that could be seeds for the growth of supermassive black holes powering high-$z$ quasars.