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arXiv · 2602.01560

Argument Rarity-based Originality Assessment for AI-Assisted Writing

Keito Inoshita·Michiaki Omura·Tsukasa Yamanaka·Go Maeda·Kentaro Tsuji
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Abstract

This study proposes Argument Rarity-based Originality Assessment (AROA), a framework for automatically evaluating argumentative originality in student essays. AROA defines originality as rarity within a reference corpus and evaluates it through four complementary components: structural rarity, claim rarity, evidence rarity, and cognitive depth, quantified via density estimation and integrated with quality adjustment. Experiments using 1,375 human essays and 1,000 AI-generated essays on two argumentative topics revealed three key findings. First, a strong negative correlation (r = -0.67) between text quality and claim rarity demonstrates a quality-originality trade-off. Second, while AI essays achieved near-perfect quality scores (Q = 0.998), their claim rarity was approximately one-fifth of human levels (AI: 0.037, human: 0.170), indicating that LLMs can reproduce argumentative structure but not semantic originality. Third, the four components showed low mutual correlations (r = 0.06--0.13 between structural and semantic dimensions), confirming that they capture genuinely independent aspects of originality. These results suggest that writing assessment in the AI era must shift from quality to originality.

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Keito Inoshita, Michiaki Omura, Tsukasa Yamanaka, Go Maeda, Kentaro Tsuji. 2026-02-02. Argument Rarity-based Originality Assessment for AI-Assisted Writing. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01560

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