Superconducting properties of lifted-off Niobium nanowires

Abstract

Hybrid superconductor/semiconductor devices play a crucial role in advancing quantum science and technology by merging the properties of superconductors and semiconductors. To operate these devices at high temperature, Niobium could substitute the widespread aluminum as superconducting element. Niobium devices show the best superconducting properties when shaped by etching, but this technique is often incompatible with semiconductors and two-dimensional materials. Our work investigates the influence of oxygen diffusion on the superconducting transition of Nb nanowires fabricated by lift-off technique. To this scope, we fabricate and measure Nb devices of different width (W) and thickness (t). By using the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) model for charge transport, we demonstrate that our nanowires behave as two-dimensional superconductors regardless of W and t. While the normal-state transition temperature (TN) remains constant with decreasing W, the temperature of the fully superconducting state (TS) decreases. Thus, the superconducting transition width ({\delta}TC) increases as W shrinks, due to oxygen diffusion from the lithography resist occurring during deposition. These insights provide essential knowledge for optimizing Nb-based hybrid quantum devices, paving the way for operating temperatures above 2 K and contributing to the development of next-generation quantum technologies.