ORACLE-SWE: Quantifying the Contribution of Oracle Information Signals on SWE Agents

Kenan Li; Qirui Jin; Liao Zhu; Xiaosong Huang; Yijia Wu; Yikai Zhang; Xin Zhang; Zijian Jin; Yufan Huang; Elsie Nallipogu; Chaoyun Zhang; Yu Kang; Saravan Rajmohan; Qingwei Lin; Wenke Lee; Dongmei Zhang

arXiv · 2604.07789

ORACLE-SWE: Quantifying the Contribution of Oracle Information Signals on SWE Agents

Kenan Li·Qirui Jin·Liao Zhu·Xiaosong Huang·Yijia Wu·Yikai Zhang·Xin Zhang·Zijian Jin·Yufan Huang·Elsie Nallipogu·Chaoyun Zhang·Yu Kang·Saravan Rajmohan·Qingwei Lin·Wenke Lee·Dongmei Zhang

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Abstract

Recent advances in language model (LM) agents have significantly improved automated software engineering (SWE). Prior work has proposed various agentic workflows and training strategies as well as analyzed failure modes of agentic systems on SWE tasks, focusing on several contextual information signals: Reproduction Test, Regression Test, Edit Location, Execution Context, and API Usage. However, the individual contribution of each signal to overall success remains underexplored, particularly their ideal contribution when intermediate information is perfectly obtained. To address this gap, we introduce Oracle-SWE, a unified method to isolate and extract oracle information signals from SWE benchmarks and quantify the impact of each signal on agent performance. To further validate the pattern, we evaluate the performance gain of signals extracted by strong LMs when provided to a base agent, approximating real-world task-resolution settings. These evaluations aim to guide research prioritization for autonomous coding systems.

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Kenan Li, Qirui Jin, Liao Zhu, Xiaosong Huang, Yijia Wu, Yikai Zhang, Xin Zhang, Zijian Jin, Yufan Huang, Elsie Nallipogu, Chaoyun Zhang, Yu Kang, Saravan Rajmohan, Qingwei Lin, Wenke Lee, Dongmei Zhang. 2026-04-09. ORACLE-SWE: Quantifying the Contribution of Oracle Information Signals on SWE Agents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07789

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