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arXiv · 2606.27649

LightFARM: Model Predictive Lighting Control with Battery-Free IoT for Energy-Efficient Indoor Farming

Hao Yu·Yanxiang Wang·Mark Cardamis·Tianlang Zhang·Yihe Yan·Hari Ganesan·Feiyue Ma·Liao Wu·Wen Hu
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Abstract

Lighting is the dominant energy load in indoor farming, yet most deployed systems still rely on fixed rule-based or schedule-based control. We present LightFARM, a predictive lighting control framework that couples crop illumination with battery-free sensing for more energy-efficient indoor farming. LightFARM combines finite-horizon predictive control with compact models of photosynthesis, thermal dynamics, and sensor energy state. The controller adjusts lighting intensity to balance photosynthetic benefit, electrical power consumption, thermal safety, and sensing-energy feasibility. A key design feature is that the same light-emitting diode (LED) fixtures serve both as the photosynthetic light source for crops and as a controllable energy source for self-powered sensor nodes. We implement LightFARM in a real indoor basil cultivation system and evaluate it through two independent 12-day cultivation trials. Compared with a conventional rule-based baseline, LightFARM reduces lighting energy consumption by approximately 41% and improves energy productivity from 36.1 to 52.9 $\mathrm{g\,kWh^{-1}}$ and from 41.1 to 60.2 $\mathrm{g\,kWh^{-1}}$ ($\approx 46.5\%$ on average). These results suggest that energy-cooperative predictive lighting control is a promising approach to improving indoor farming efficiency under practical resource constraints, while explicitly accounting for the trade-off between energy savings and crop yield.

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Hao Yu, Yanxiang Wang, Mark Cardamis, Tianlang Zhang, Yihe Yan, Hari Ganesan, Feiyue Ma, Liao Wu, Wen Hu. 2026-06-26. LightFARM: Model Predictive Lighting Control with Battery-Free IoT for Energy-Efficient Indoor Farming. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.27649

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