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arXiv · 2608.25653

Towards Purified Multi-Label Test-Time Adaptation of Vision-Language Models

Yiwen Liang·Hui Chen·Yizhe Xiong·Mengyao Lyu·Yuhan Cao·Zijia Lin·Shuaicheng Niu·Sicheng Zhao·Jungong Han·Guiguang Ding
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Abstract

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has been widely explored in single-label recognition, effectively mitigating distribution shifts, especially when combined with vision-language models. However, real-world images often contain multiple objects, while the more practical multi-label test-time adaptation (MLTTA) has received little attention so far. Recent cache-based TTA methods have shown promising efficiency and effectiveness, yet directly extending them to multi-label scenarios suffers from a one-to-many mapping problem: a shared global representation entangling co-occurring objects is stored as class-wise cache prototypes, inducing dominant-label bias and compromised cache calibration. While introducing region-level cues helps isolate class-specific evidence, such regional evidence can also be unreliable under distribution shifts, making its identification and utilization non-trivial. To address these issues, we introduce PuRF, a novel PuRiFication-driven cache-based method for multi-label test-time adaptation of vision-language models. Specifically, PuRF first performs region purification to identify reliable regions, providing comprehensive regional cues for multi-label recognition and enabling fine-grained alignment. Based on these purified regions, PuRF conducts cache purification to enhance cache representation and adaptability, where episodic purification builds a discriminative region-based cache, and temporal refreshing further promotes long-term cache adaptability. Experiments demonstrate that PuRF consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving a notable 4.05% mAP improvement on ViT-B/32 across five datasets.

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Yiwen Liang, Hui Chen, Yizhe Xiong, Mengyao Lyu, Yuhan Cao, Zijia Lin, Shuaicheng Niu, Sicheng Zhao, Jungong Han, Guiguang Ding. 2026-08-26. Towards Purified Multi-Label Test-Time Adaptation of Vision-Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25653

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