First overnight balloon flight of the GRAINE 2023 emulsion gamma-ray telescope enabled by a large-scale pressure-vessel gondola

Abstract

The Gamma-Ray Astro Imager with Nuclear Emulsion (GRAINE) project conducts precision observations of sub-GeV--GeV cosmic gamma rays using a balloon-borne nuclear-emulsion telescope with high angular resolution. In GRAINE 2023, a 2.5-m$^{2}$ telescope was flown in the project's first overnight balloon flight, including observation periods for the Vela pulsar and Galactic center region. To operate the telescope under the low-pressure and low-temperature stratospheric environment, the balloon-style pressure-vessel concept was scaled up to a lightweight gondola with an internal length of 4.9 m. A new aluminum-alloy ring structure and a lightweight membranous-shell material, SHL-300MDL, were developed. While the telescope aperture was increased by a factor of 6.6 over GRAINE 2018, the pressure-vessel gondola mass was limited to 179 kg. Ground tests of the completed flight assembly demonstrated a differential pressure above 100 hPa at room temperature and at a mean temperature of $-66.0^{\circ}$C. The payload was launched from Alice Springs, Australia, in April 2023 and achieved a total flight duration of approximately 27 h, including 24.3 h of level flight. Although the upper membranous shell reached approximately $-60^{\circ}$C at night, the vessel internal pressure remained above the required 100 hPa throughout level flight. These results demonstrate that the developed gondola can accommodate a 2.5-m$^{2}$ emulsion gamma-ray telescope and maintain the required pressure during overnight stratospheric flight. Scientific analyses of astrophysical and atmospheric gamma rays, including dedicated analysis of the Galactic center region, are ongoing using the recovered emulsion data. This development provides a technical basis for repeated observations with future large-area GRAINE telescopes.