Prompt Revision as a Source of Cultural Bias in Text-to-Image Systems

Aleksandra Urman; Elsa Lichtenegger; Salima Jaoua; Azza Bouleimen; Robin Forsberg; Corinna Hertweck; Stefania Ionescu; Nicolò Pagan; Ancsa Hannak; Joachim Baumann

arXiv · 2609.11532

Prompt Revision as a Source of Cultural Bias in Text-to-Image Systems

Aleksandra Urman·Elsa Lichtenegger·Salima Jaoua·Azza Bouleimen·Robin Forsberg·Corinna Hertweck·Stefania Ionescu·Nicolò Pagan·Ancsa Hannak·Joachim Baumann

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Abstract

Commercial text-to-image systems silently revise user prompts before generating images, a step users typically cannot disable or even see. Yet, existing audits of cultural bias examine only the final images and treat generation as a single pipeline, so they cannot tell where the bias originates. We introduce WORLDVIEW, a multilingual benchmark of 8,960 prompts across 15 languages and 31 language-context pairings. Using it, we audit the revision layer in three systems (DALL-E-3, Imagen-4, GPT-Image-1.5) through a three-step analysis of how heavily it marks each cultural context, whether it flattens that context into a narrow vocabulary, and whether that vocabulary is stereotypical. Relative to a no-context English baseline, the US is the least-marked context, while non-Western and non-Anglophone contexts are marked far more heavily, flattened into narrow vocabularies applied across topically diverse prompts, and reduced to recognizable cultural stereotypes. Comparing images from original versus revised prompts on models without a revision layer, we identify the layer itself as a previously undocumented, causal source of this stereotyping. To locate cultural bias, and fix it, we must audit the system as deployed, not the model alone.

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Aleksandra Urman, Elsa Lichtenegger, Salima Jaoua, Azza Bouleimen, Robin Forsberg, Corinna Hertweck, Stefania Ionescu, Nicolò Pagan, Ancsa Hannak, Joachim Baumann. 2026-09-10. Prompt Revision as a Source of Cultural Bias in Text-to-Image Systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11532

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