BreathGRU: A Novel Semi-Supervised Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Framework for Speech and Breath Segmentation for Respiratory Audio

Sania Fatima Sayed; John W. Holloway; Reyer Zwiggelaar; Faisal I. Rezwan

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arXiv · 2609.31165

BreathGRU: A Novel Semi-Supervised Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Framework for Speech and Breath Segmentation for Respiratory Audio

Sania Fatima Sayed·John W. Holloway·Reyer Zwiggelaar·Faisal I. Rezwan

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Abstract

Speech-breath segmentation is a fundamental preprocessing step in respiratory audio analysis, enabling applications such as respiratory acoustic biomarker extraction, lung function prediction and disease monitoring. Existing approaches, including threshold methods, Fourier Transform-based techniques, and unsupervised and pretrained voice activity detection (VAD) models, primarily focus on speech detection and often classify breathing events as non-speech or silence, limiting their applicability for precise breath detection. To address this limitation, we propose BreathGRU, a semi-supervised Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) framework specifically designed for speech-breath segmentation. The proposed framework combines frame-level acoustic feature extraction with bidirectional recurrent modelling, pseudo-label refinement and duration-constrained Segmental Viterbi decoding to produce speech and breath segmentation. BreathGRU was evaluated against the existing approaches, using manually annotated recordings. Performance was assessed using event-based, time-based, overlap-based, duration-based and boundary-based segmentation metrics. Experiment results demonstrated that BreathGRU achieved the highest breath event recall (0.83), the lowest onset-localisation error (0.14s) and the highest Mean Match Intersection over Union (0.81), with competitive overall segmentation performance compared to large pretrained VAD models like Silero. Qualitative evaluation on manually annotated recordings further showed close agreement between BreathGRU and manual annotation, with better breath detection compared to Silero. These findings demonstrate that explicit breath event modelling provides advantages over general-purpose VAD models and establish BreathGRU as an effective speech-breath segmentation framework which can be applied for respiratory audio analysis and pulmonary healthcare applications.

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Sania Fatima Sayed, John W. Holloway, Reyer Zwiggelaar, Faisal I. Rezwan. 2026-09-25. BreathGRU: A Novel Semi-Supervised Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Framework for Speech and Breath Segmentation for Respiratory Audio. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31165

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