Query-aware routing for Cross-lingual performance gains in Encoders

Akshay Jain; Edward Kim

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arXiv · 2610.02875

Query-aware routing for Cross-lingual performance gains in Encoders

Akshay Jain·Edward Kim

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Abstract

Multilingual encoders can exhibit reduced retrieval effectiveness when queries and relevant documents differ in language, despite strong same-language performance. We investigate whether Finnish and Swedish cross-lingual retrieval can improve while preserving an encoder's existing same-language performance and document index. We combine a query-only low-rank adapter, trained against frozen document embeddings, with deterministic routing based on query and index languages. Cross-language queries use the adapter, while same-language queries use the original encoder. SampoTron, our fine-tuned low-rank (LoRA) adapter alongwith the Nemotron-3-Embed-1B model, improves average retrieval quality across six English, Finnish, and Swedish directions from 0.241 to 0.291 in normalized discounted cumulative gain (nDCG) at rank ten, a 20.9% relative gain on a sampled financial benchmark. All six cross-lingual directions improve, and routing preserves the original same-language performance, including two full-corpus Finnish evaluations. The approach enables selective cross-language specialization with reusable document embedding vectors.

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Akshay Jain, Edward Kim. 2026-10-02. Query-aware routing for Cross-lingual performance gains in Encoders. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.02875

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