arXiv subjects

C. Tucker

Publications and source records attributed to C. Tucker.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

BICEP/Keck XXII: Analysis of the South Pole Atmosphere for CMB Observations

The South Pole is among the driest sites on Earth, and the resulting high atmospheric transparency makes it an excellent site for millimeter-wave astronomical observations. Nevertheless, for bolometric surveys of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), fluctuations in line-of-sight water vapor drive variable atmospheric emission, which has a significant impact on survey sensitivity. We have deployed a water vapor radiometer (WVR) to characterize these fluctuations in space and time and to compare atmospheric and CMB signals with other sites. This WVR has been monitoring conditions from the South Pole over the past nine years, co-located and co-observing with the BICEP series of telescopes. In this work, we analyze the performance of the WVR and the characteristics of the South Pole atmosphere and demonstrate coherent wind-driven transport of water vapor structures across the site. We show that fluctuations in CMB detector timestreams are well correlated with fluctuations in atmospheric water vapor, providing independent justification for baseline filtering procedures used to remove these fluctuations and providing a new pathway to detect and mitigate the temperature-to-polarization leakage that currently limits the precision of ground-based CMB polarization measurements.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Aliased noise characterization and mitigation in BICEP Array 150, 220 and 270 GHz time-division multiplexed detectors

Early observations with the BICEP Array 150 GHz (BA2-150) and 220/270 GHz (BA3-220/270) receivers revealed detector noise equivalent temperatures (NETs) higher than expected, together with substantial detector-to-detector and module-to-module scatter. Noise measurements acquired with multiplexing off and high frequency sampling demonstrate that this excess originates from elevated high-frequency detector noise that aliases into the science band during time-division multiplexing. We show that the excess high-frequency noise is correlated with anomalously large logarithmic TES transition slopes, {\alpha}, resulting in elevated electrothermal loop gain and operation near the detector stability boundary. Measurements of {\alpha} indicate values substantially larger than expected, consistent with the sharper superconducting transitions introduced by the inverted TES fabrication process adopted for BA2-150 and BA3-220/270 detectors. Operational mitigation strategies were investigated through both increased multiplexing rates and elevated focal-plane operating temperatures. Faster multiplexing reduces aliasing by shifting the multiplexing Nyquist frequency beyond the excess noise roll-off, while elevated bath temperatures reduce TES electrical power and loop gain, improving detector stability and reducing NET by approximately 10%. These results demonstrate the importance of balancing TES responsivity, electrothermal stability, and multiplexed readout performance in next-generation CMB polarimeters.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Optical characterization of the BICEP array 150 and 220/270GHz CMB polarimeters in the 2026 season

BICEP Array (BA) is the current-generation instrument in the BICEP series of small-aperture, on-axis refracting telescopes at the South Pole, designed to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ through degree-scale measurements of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). As BA pushes to deeper sensitivity, control of instrumental systematics, and beam shape mismatch between the co-located orthogonally polarized detectors in particular, has become an increasingly important factor in translating raw sensitivity into a robust constraint on $r$. In these proceedings we report on the 2026 far field beam mapping (FFBM) campaign, which used a thermal chopped source to characterize the BA2 (150~GHz) and BA3 (220/270~GHz) beams. We fit two-dimensional elliptical Gaussians to each detector's beam, derive per-pair differential parameters (differential pointing, beamwidth, and ellipticity). The resulting high-signal-to-noise array-averaged beam maps are used to compute the beam window function $B_l$ for the power spectrum analysis, while the individual per-detector beams feed dedicated beam convolution simulations used to validate the temperature-to-polarization (T$\rightarrow$ P) deprojection procedure. After correcting for the chopper aperture, the recovered beamwidths follow the expected $\lambda/D$ ordering. We also describe two pipeline improvements carried out during the 2026 campaign: an out-and-back jackknife for noise quantification and an elnod-based gain calibration.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Advanced Time-Division Multiplexed Readout Chain for the BICEP Array 90/150 GHz Receiver

This work presents the current performance of the advanced time-division multiplexed (TDM) readout chain for the BICEP Array 90/150 GHz receiver. BA4-90/150, scheduled for deployment to the South Pole in 2026--27, will use photon-noise-limited, feedhorn-coupled transition edge sensor detectors and an upgraded DC SQUID-based TDM system to map the cosmic microwave background. This new TDM system mitigates readout-induced systematics that are beginning to emerge above the noise floor of the most sensitive maps produced by the BICEP collaboration. Improvements include faster, fully differential SQUID designs, higher TES signal amplification, reduced crosstalk, and hierarchical row-addressing that reduces wiring required for row switching. Measurements made through legacy single-ended warm readout electronics show the upgraded cryogenic readout chain performs as well as or better than the TDM system currently fielded on the BICEP experiment. New warm electronics currently in development at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory will provide matched fully differential circuits and higher bandwidth, reducing RF susceptibility and aliased noise contributions. On-sky demonstration of this technology will establish a new low-noise, high-bandwidth TDM architecture for future CMB observatories.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Optics and broadband anti-reflection coatings for the BA4-90/150 receiver

The BICEP Array telescopes search for primordial B-mode polarization from inflationary gravitational waves. This signal is exceedingly faint, demanding excellent map depth and systematics control. The new BA4-90/150 receiver introduces a wide 80-169GHz dichroic band, requiring upgrades throughout the optics chain to reduce loss, reflections, and thermal loading. We developed improved anti-reflection (AR) coatings for our HMPE window, HDPE lenses, and nylon infrared filter, extending our AR technology to span more than an octave of bandwidth. The thermal filtering scheme and several mechanical elements were also updated to further suppress optical loss, reflections, and beam truncation. We aim to build on the proven success of deployed BICEP Array (BA) telescopes to produce a new small aperture instrument with the lowest optical systematics to date.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Status of BICEP Array and Integration of the 220/270 GHz Receiver

Measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background are critical for modern cosmology as they constrain the physics of the early universe and cosmic inflation. BICEP Array is using a series of small-aperture polarimeters located at the South Pole to measure this signal with a projected uncertainty on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r of approximately 0.001 by 2034. The 30/40 GHz receiver and the 150 GHz receiver have been observing the cosmic microwave background for multiple years, and data from these receivers will be included in the next published BICEP analysis result which includes all data taken through 2024. The 220/270 GHz receiver is partially completed with seven out of twelve detector modules installed, and is planned to be filled with five additional modules prior to the 2027 observation season. Finishing this receiver is a top priority for BA as the science goals of the experiment require the dust foreground cleaning this receiver will enable. On-site characterization efforts for this receiver from the 2025-26 austral summer show satisfactory spectroscopy, beam pointing, and 220 GHz efficiency, while the 270 GHz efficiency is an active area of work.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Quantifying the systematic impact of differential beam response on the BICEP CMB polarization data from 2016 through 2024

As cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments, including BICEP3, BICEP Array, and future BICEP experiments, achieve ever-deeper polarization maps in search of primordial B-modes sourced from inflation, constraining instrumental systematics below statistical uncertainties becomes progressively more challenging. Since polarimetry in the BICEP telescopes is performed by pair-differencing co-located, orthogonally polarized detectors, differential beam response leads to temperature-to-polarization ($T \rightarrow P$) leakage, introducing a potential systematic bias on the inferred tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. To mitigate this leakage, the lowest-order beam mismatch modes are filtered out of the CMB polarization maps through deprojection; however, residual undeprojected modes remain. To quantify this residual contamination, we perform dedicated in situ far-field beam measurements of the BICEP receivers during austral-summer calibration campaigns. We quantify the systematic impact of the undeprojected residuals with a specialized set of timestream simulations based on the measured per-detector beams. These "beam measurement-informed simulations" yield an estimate of the false polarized signal sourced by the undeprojected residuals. We summarize the beam measurements relevant to the BK24 data release and present preliminary residual-leakage results for BICEP3 at 95 GHz. For BICEP3 over 2016-2024, deprojecting all six standard templates together with readout-crosstalk templates and their radially smoothed counterparts reduces the equivalent-$r$ leakage amplitude from $\rho=(4.5\pm0.7)\times10^{-3}$ to $(1.12\pm0.06)\times10^{-3}$. We further describe an ongoing program to extend the deprojection basis beyond its historical six modes, guided by a forward optical model that relates candidate leakage modes to perturbations of physical instrument parameters.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2026

Engineering of titanium transition edge sensor wafers for the BA4-90/150 receiver of BICEP Array

BA4-90/150, the fourth receiver to be deployed in the BICEP Array (BA) series, is a dichroic 90/150 GHz instrument targeting the frequency space where sensitivity to the CMB polarization is maximized. The receiver will be deployed in the 2026-2027 austral summer, and is set to position BA to achieve exceptionally precise measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization and strengthen constraints on inflationary models. Recent measurements in existing BA receivers suggest that unexpectedly high loop gain in the titanium (Ti) transition edge sensors (TESs) produces excess high-frequency noise that is consequently aliased down into the science band through the time-division multiplexed readout. To reduce the loop gain, we fabricated and tested prototype Ti TES wafers containing 16 modified detector architectures designed to broaden the superconducting transition and reduce the transition steepness (alpha). We present detector performance results, which will directly inform the final integrated wafer now being designed for full receiver commissioning.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

The SPT-3G+ receiver design

We present the thermo-mechanical design of the cryostat and camera optics for SPT-3G+, a new receiver being developed for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The receiver consists of 14 detector arrays of 90/150 GHz dichroic polarization-sensitive pixels, totaling 24,080 transition-edge sensor detectors. Each detector array lies at the end of an optics tube, each approximately 240 mm in diameter and 772 mm in length, which are arranged in a hexagonal close-packed configuration to achieve a 4 degree diameter field of view. Each optics tube contains four anti-reflection coated lenses fabricated from different materials (alumina, silicon, and nylon) that are designed to also provide infrared filtering that reduces the radiative loading on the cryogenic stages. The optics and detectors are cooled by a combination of a pulse tube cooler for the 40 K and 4 K stages, and a dilution refrigerator for the 1 K and 100 mK stages. Thermal modeling predicts the heat load to be less than 26 W and 1 W for the 40 K and 4 K stages, respectively. The 1,550 kg cryostat has a 1.1 meter diameter at the vacuum window, which is located near the telescope Gregorian focus, and 1.75 meters in height and length. Fabrication of the cryostat will begin in 2026, with installation on the SPT scheduled for the 2028-29 austral summer, ahead of the 2029 winter observing season.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

SPT-3G+: A Cosmic Microwave Background Experiment for the South Pole Telescope

SPT-3G+ is the next survey receiver planned to be installed in early 2029 on the 10-meter South Pole Telescope (SPT). This new receiver will feature 6,020 polarization-sensitive dichroic pixels with transition-edge sensors observing in frequency bands centered at 90 GHz and 150 GHz. The 24,080 detectors in the SPT-3G+ receiver will be cooled to 100 mK by a dilution refrigerator and read out using microwave SQUID multiplexing. The optical design of the receiver enables a 4 degree diameter field of view, which is broken up into 14 individual optics tubes each containing cryogenic alumina, silicon, and nylon lenses. These technology choices will allow the SPT-3G+ receiver to improve on the mapping speed of the currently operating SPT-3G receiver by nearly an order of magnitude. Once deployed, the SPT-3G+ receiver will observe for 6-years an area overlapping with the BICEP survey to achieve a combined (90 GHz and 150 GHz) CMB map depth of 0.5 uK-arcmin. Data from these observations will be used to create unprecedentedly deep CMB lensing maps, discover new galaxy clusters, and detect astrophysical transients. The lensing map produced by SPT-3G+ will be used to remove or "delens" foreground B modes, where large-scale structure gravitationally lenses the CMB and converts E modes into B-mode polarization, with the goal of revealing inflationary B modes. Together with data from the BICEP Array as part of the South Pole Observatory, SPT-3G+ data will be used to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with a goal of achieving a measurement of $\sigma(r) = 0.001$

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2026

Overview and status of BICEP Array's BA4-90/150 CMB polarimeter

The inflation paradigm postulates a period of rapid expansion in the early Universe, which would generate gravitational waves. These tensor perturbations would produce a faint B-mode signature in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), but this signal is orders of magnitude weaker than that from the CMB's other anisotropy and that from astrophysical foregrounds. Placing more-stringent upper limits on this signal or making a definitive detection thus requires exceptional control over instrument and measurement systematics, in addition to extremely-deep maps. The fourth BICEP Array receiver, BA4-90/150, aims to build and improve upon the heritage of the field-leading BICEP series of small-aperture CMB experiments with a dichroic instrument observing in 90 and 150 GHz bands, to advance the search for the inflationary B-mode signal. The instrument will utilize transition-edge-sensor bolometers, which will be read out using a new two-level time-division-multiplexed system and be fed via feedhorn-coupled orthomode transducers and refined cold refractive optics, with the goal of both improving systematics control and sensitivity over existing receivers. With a planned deployment to the South Pole in the 2026-27 austral summer, the instrument will occupy the fourth and final remaining slot in the BICEP Array mount, completing the phaseout of Keck Array receivers. An overview of the BA4-90/150 receiver will be presented, along with a discussion of its current status and future plans for the instrument.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Design and Performance of 220 and 270 GHz Bandpass Filters for BICEP Array

The BICEP Array (BA) is the latest in the BICEP/ Keck series of experiments that aim to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with small aperture polarimeters located at the South Pole. To constrain the frequency response of these receivers, each detector is serially coupled to a band-pass filter (BPF). The electric circuits of these BPFs utilize series and shunt capacitors as well as series inductors, but critically do not include shunt inductors which simplifies fabrication. The filters are designed and simulated with Sonnet, and optimized for noise by considering loading from the atmosphere and the CMB. Multiple 220 GHz detector modules have had their frequency response measured at the South Pole. The 270 GHz detector modules have recently begun testing in a lab setting, and their performance in a BA receiver will be measured this winter.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Setting requirements on out-of-band rejection for next-generation CMB experiments. Application to the LiteBIRD instrument

Next-generation cosmic microwave background experiments have very stringent constraints to achieve the required sensitivity to target polarization $B$ modes. In this work, we intend to set requirements on the out-of-band rejection level, with out-of-band referring to frequencies outside the telescope band-pass. The method developed is applied to the LiteBIRD Medium and High Frequency Telescopes. In order to determine the impact of out-of-band power, we model the instrument's optical response and the spectral emissions of the sky and of the instrument itself. This allows us to propagate optical power inside the telescope. Using this tool, we address both the impact of out-of-band power on the detection chain and on the thermal heat load, together with the impact on the process of separation between astrophysical components. The role of additional static power as well as dynamic power variations is studied. The requirement derived consist in attenuation factors (in dB) in frequency subdomains. They will be used to design the telescope filters.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Controlling instrumental systematics for the BICEP inflation survey

The BICEP series of experiments has been observing CMB polarisation from the South Pole for over 20 years, with the goal of constraining inflationary gravitational waves. The upcoming data release, using data taken through 2024, is forecasted to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ at the level of $\sigma(r) \sim 0.005$ (including delensing), with the longer-term goal of reaching $\sigma(r) \sim 0.001$ by 2034. As the survey sensitivity increases, it is crucial to control instrumental systematics to unprecedented levels, and our goal is to limit dominant sources of systematics to 20% of $\sigma(r)$ or lower. Achieving this requires careful instrumental characterisation and dedicated end-to-end studies to evaluate the impact of each systematic on cosmological parameters. We first present the BICEP calibration program, which characterises the optical, spectral, and polarisation response of the receivers. We then describe the analysis strategies implemented to identify and mitigate systematic contamination, and we detail simulations used to evaluate the impact of residual effects. We focus in particular on beam systematics, the dominant source of systematics for BICEP receivers. Finally, we report preliminary estimates of the expected level of systematic contamination for upcoming BICEP results, and we discuss approaches to evaluate and mitigate instrumental systematics for future surveys.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2026

The NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey in COSMOS: Final 1.2mm and 2mm source catalogs and redshift distribution of dusty star-forming galaxies

We present the final 1.2mm and 2mm source catalogs and the redshift distribution of the mm-selected population from the NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey (N2CLS) in the COSMOS field. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive dataset for studying the physical properties and evolution of high-redshift DSFGs. N2CLS covers ~1070 arcmin2 with median noise levels of 315$\mu$Jy and 91$\mu$Jy at 1.2 and 2mm, respectively. Sources are extracted with a S/N threshold of 3.9, ensuring >80% purity. Multi-wavelength counterparts are identified using high-resolution interferometric (sub-)mm data (NOEMA, ALMA) and radio observations (VLA, MeerKAT). Redshifts are compiled from spectroscopic and photometric catalogs (e.g., COSMOSWeb). The N2CLS master catalog includes 323 sources detected at >80% purity, with 104 sources detected in both bands, 197 only at 1.2mm, and 22 only at 2mm. Multi-wavelength identifications are secured for ~89% of the sample. The redshift distribution of 1.2mm sources peaks at 2.8$\pm$0.1, consistent with the epoch of peak cosmic star formation. In the total sample, we lack redshift for ~2% of the identified galaxies, plus 34 sources for which no accurate positional proxy is available, preventing the identification of a multi-wavelength counterpart. We identify 66 galaxies at z>4. The observed redshift distribution agrees well with the SIDES simulations, while four other galaxy evolution models are statistically inconsistent with the data. N2CLS is the largest contiguous deep survey to date with this depth and homogeneous coverage. This homogeneous coverage is important, as 25% of N2CLS sources lack a SCUBA2 850 mic counterpart, likely because the strongly non-uniform noise distribution of the SCUBA2 map results in lower sensitivity in parts of the field.The released data products provide a legacy dataset for studying dust-obscured galaxy evolution.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

The South Pole Telescope AGN Monitoring Campaign: First Release of SPTpol Bright AGN Light Curves

The South Pole Telescope (SPT) collaboration has recently embarked upon a campaign to monitor the brightness of a sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN), both in real time and in archival SPT data. The original design of the SPT was optimized for observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at arc-minute and larger angular scales, and it has been used for this purpose for nearly twenty years, using three generations of CMB cameras. Recently it has been recognized that data from CMB experiments have the potential to be used for AGN monitoring. In this paper, we present the first public release of data from a full sample of SPT-monitored AGN, comprising 158 AGN light curves and associated data from the SPTpol camera, which was operational from 2012-2016. These light curves were created using observations from the SPTpol 500 deg$^{2}$ survey, in which the instrument was used to scan a 500 deg$^2$ patch of the sky several times per day with detectors sensitive to radiation in bands centered at 90 and 150 GHz. We provide a comprehensive description of the observations, the data processing methods, and the resulting light curve catalog. As an example of analyses that these data enable, we searched for a correlation between variability and spectral index, and we looked for ``bluer-when-brighter'' trends in the sample. Our analysis finds $> 10 \sigma$ correlation between fractional intrinsic variance and mean spectral index in the sample, but no significant evidence for bluer-when-brighter trends. The datasets from this study can be accessed through the SPT Treasury Record of AGN With Historical Activity and Time-Series or STRAWHAT catalog. This initial data release includes SPTpol light curves at 90 and 150 GHz, focusing on total intensity. In later updates, SPTpol polarization data and new observations from the SPT-3G instrument at 90, 150, and 220 GHz will be included.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

GASTON-GP: Source catalogue and millimetre variability of massive protostellar objects

The processes governing protostellar mass growth remain debated, although episodic accretion is now understood as a key feature of protostellar evolution across all masses. Luminosity bursts have been observed in both low- and high-mass protostars, but the overall statistics remain limited, especially for high-mass objects. Over the past decade, numerical simulations of high-mass core collapse have provided a theoretical framework for interpreting protostellar variability, yet additional observational constraints are required to determine the characteristics and importance of bursts. In this work, we analyse data from GASTON-GP programme, which mapped a 2.4 square degrees region of the Galactic plane (centred at l = 24 deg) at 1.15 and 2.00 mm using NIKA2 on the IRAM 30 m telescope. The survey obtained 11 epochs over four years, offering the first opportunity to study millimetre variability in a large sample of massive protostellar sources. From the combined dataset, we constructed catalogues of 2925 compact sources at 1.15 mm and 1713 at 2.00 mm. Using a dedicated relative calibration scheme, we generated millimetre light curves for around 200 high-signal-to-noise sources and identified one variable candidate. However, it is not protostellar. Consequently, we report no robust detections of variable protostellar sources in GASTON field. This is the direct consequence of observational limitations (i.e., sensitivity, resolution) combined with the lack of any 100-fold luminosity bursts during the observations, which is consistent with estimates inferred from isolated core collapse simulations. This study highlights the need for future high-resolution, high-cadence surveys to constrain the accretion histories of massive protostars.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Spatially-resolved interstellar dust properties in the face-on spiral galaxy M 99 as observed by NIKA2

Large dust grains in thermal equilibrium dominate the far-infrared and contribute to the millimetre continuum of star-forming galaxies, but constraining their properties is difficult due to free-free and synchrotron contamination. We study spatial variations in the dust spectral index, mass, and grain properties in the nearby face-on spiral galaxy M 99. We use new 1.15 and 2 mm continuum observations from NIKA2 on the IRAM 30 m telescope (IMEGIN Guaranteed Time Large Programme) combined with multiwavelength data from UV to radio. The infrared-to-radio SED is decomposed into dust, free-free, and synchrotron components using the hierarchical Bayesian code HerBIE. Dust is modelled via a modified blackbody (MBB) with variable millimetre spectral index beta and the THEMIS dust model with fixed beta. We perform spatially-resolved analysis at scales ~1.75 kpc (~25''), covering the centre, spiral arms, and inter-arm regions. MBB fits reveal beta variations from ~1.6-1.7 in diffuse regions to ~2.3-2.5 in dense star-forming areas, likely due to grain coagulation and changes in silicate-to-carbonaceous ratios. Dust masses from variable beta are up to ~4x higher than fixed-beta models, which systematically bias dust-to-stellar and dust-to-gas ratios. The small grain fraction rises from ~10% in the centre to ~15% in the diffuse disc, anti-correlated with the interstellar radiation field; gas-phase metallicity plays a minor role within 8 kpc. Synchrotron spectral index ranges from ~0.6-0.7 in star-forming regions to ~1.2 in the diffuse medium, consistent with cosmic-ray electron ageing.

astro-ph.GA↗