Quantifying the systematic impact of differential beam response on the BICEP CMB polarization data from 2016 through 2024

Abstract

As cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments, including BICEP3, BICEP Array, and future BICEP experiments, achieve ever-deeper polarization maps in search of primordial B-modes sourced from inflation, constraining instrumental systematics below statistical uncertainties becomes progressively more challenging. Since polarimetry in the BICEP telescopes is performed by pair-differencing co-located, orthogonally polarized detectors, differential beam response leads to temperature-to-polarization ($T \rightarrow P$) leakage, introducing a potential systematic bias on the inferred tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. To mitigate this leakage, the lowest-order beam mismatch modes are filtered out of the CMB polarization maps through deprojection; however, residual undeprojected modes remain. To quantify this residual contamination, we perform dedicated in situ far-field beam measurements of the BICEP receivers during austral-summer calibration campaigns. We quantify the systematic impact of the undeprojected residuals with a specialized set of timestream simulations based on the measured per-detector beams. These "beam measurement-informed simulations" yield an estimate of the false polarized signal sourced by the undeprojected residuals. We summarize the beam measurements relevant to the BK24 data release and present preliminary residual-leakage results for BICEP3 at 95 GHz. For BICEP3 over 2016-2024, deprojecting all six standard templates together with readout-crosstalk templates and their radially smoothed counterparts reduces the equivalent-$r$ leakage amplitude from $\rho=(4.5\pm0.7)\times10^{-3}$ to $(1.12\pm0.06)\times10^{-3}$. We further describe an ongoing program to extend the deprojection basis beyond its historical six modes, guided by a forward optical model that relates candidate leakage modes to perturbations of physical instrument parameters.