arXiv subjects

Changsheng Song

Publications and source records attributed to Changsheng Song.

10 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Beating micromagnetic limits on skyrmion stability by long-range frustration

Skyrmion stability is commonly assumed to scale with skyrmion size or exchange stiffness within micromagnetic models. Here, we demonstrate that long-range exchange frustration can break this paradigm, enhancing the collapse energy barrier without increasing skyrmion size or magnetic energy scale. By mapping the continuum model onto a spin-lattice Hamiltonian, we find that skyrmions with identical micromagnetic parameters can exhibit significantly different energy barriers, depending on their underlying atomistic exchange interactions. We attribute this behavior to saddle point textures, whose pronounced noncollinearity captures long-range frustration beyond the micromagnetic approximation. We further develop an exchange optimization framework to predict that long-range frustration can double the energy barrier in physically realistic conditions, possibly valid for ultrathin films or van der Waals magnets. These results hold across different lattice symmetries, revealing an intrinsic limitation of micromagnetics and establishing long-range frustration engineering as a promising route toward highly stable nanoscale skyrmions.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2025

Universal two-stage dynamics and phase control in skyrmion formation

We uncover a universal two-stage dynamics during skyrmion formation and establish its connection to equilibrium phases through the introduction of a chiral correlation $\chi$. Stage I involves stripe coarsening governed by the exchange-to-DMI ratio $J'$, while stage II entails stripe contraction driven by the synergy between $J'$ and the anisotropy-to-DMI ratio $K'$. The magnetic field-to-DMI ratio $B'$ influences both stages. By combining symbolic regression with neural networks, we model the competition and cooperation among these parameters and derive a skyrmion formation criterion, $0.58 K'J' + \mu B'J' > 1$. Our model disentangles their distinct roles: $J'$ sets the stripe width, $K'$ primarily controls the skyrmion size, and $B'$ strongly affects the topological charge. This approach provides a general framework for predicting and controlling magnetic phases in chiral magnets.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2025

Strongly enhanced lifetime of higher-order bimerons and antibimerons

Magnetic bimerons, similar to skyrmions, are topologically nontrivial spin textures characterized by topological charge $Q$. Most studies so far have focused on low-$Q$ solitons ($|Q| \leq 1$), such as skyrmions, bimerons, and vortices. Here, we present the first calculations of the lifetimes of {ring-like} high-$Q$ bimerons and demonstrate that they are fundamentally more stable than high-$Q$ skyrmions over a wide range of temperature. To obtain realistic results, our chosen system is an experimentally feasible van der Waals interface, Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$/Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. We show that the lifetimes of high-$Q$ (anti)bimerons can exceed the lifetime of those with $|Q|=1$ by 3 orders of magnitude. Remarkably, this trend remains valid even when extrapolated to room temperature (RT), as the lifetimes are dominated by entropy rather than energy barriers. This contrasts with high-$Q$ skyrmions, whose lifetimes fall with $|Q|$ near RT. We attribute this fundamental difference between skyrmions and bimerons to their distinct magnetic texture symmetries, which lead to different entropy-dominated lifetimes.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2024

Ferroelectricity-Driven Metallicity and Magnetic Skyrmions in van der Waals Cr2Ge2Te6/Hf2Ge2Te6 Multiferroic Heterostructure

Two-dimensional (2D) multiferroic heterostructures present a promising platform for advanced spin devices by leveraging the coexisting ferromagnetic (FM) and ferroelectric (FE) orders. Through first-principles calculations and micromagnetic simulations, we reveal non-volatile control of metallicity and topological spin textures in the Cr2Ge2Te6/Hf2Ge2Te6(CGT/HGT) heterostructure. Notably, manipulating ferroelectric polarization in HGT significantly modulates the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) of CGT/HGT, reversing the easy magnetization axis from in-plane to out-of-plane. By analyzing the atomic-resolved SOC energy (\Delta Esoc), it is found that the cause of the change comes from the Fert-Levy mechanism. Additionally, this polarization control enables the creation and annihilation of bimerons and skyrmions, with interlayer sliding further altering magnetic ordering. Our findings offer valuable insights into magnetoelectric coupling and spin texture manipulation in 2D magnets, highlighting their potential for next-generation spintronic and memory devices.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2024

High-topological-number skyrmions and phase transition in two-dimensional frustrated $J_1$-$J_2$ magnets

With the rapidly expanded field of two-dimensional(2D) magnetic materials, the frustrated magnetic skyrmions are attracting growing interest recently. Here, based on hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattice of $J_1$-$J_2$ Heisenberg spins model, we systematically investigate the frustrated skyrmions and phase transition by micromagnetic simulations and first-principles calculations. The results show that four spin phases of antiferromagnetic, labyrinth domain, skyrmion and ferromagnetic textures are determined by the identified ranges of $J_1$-$J_2$. Importantly, skyrmion phase with an increasing topological number ($Q$) covers a wider $J_1$-$J_2$ area. Then, the diameter of skyrmions can be tuned by the frustration strength ($|J_2/J_1|$) or external magnetic field. Besides, a phase transition from N$\acute{e}$el to Bloch type skyrmion is observed due to the change of the helicity with the variation of $|J_2/J_1|$. Furthermore, as increasing magnetic field, the skyrmions with high $Q$ ($\ge 3$) tend to split into the ones with $Q=1$, thereby achieving a lower systematic energy. Additionally, we find that the CoCl$_2$ monolayer satisfies the requirement of the frustrated $J_1$-$J_2$ magnet, and the related magnetic behaviors agree with the above conclusions. The frustration-induced skyrmions are stable without the manipulation of temperature and magnetic field. Our results may open a possible way toward spintronic applications based on High-topological-number and nanoscale topological spin textures of skyrmions.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2023

Classification of skyrmionic textures and extraction of Hamiltonian parameters via machine learning

Classifying skyrmionic textures and extracting magnetic Hamiltonian parameters are fundamental and demanding endeavors within the field of two-dimensional (2D) spintronics. By using micromagnetic simulation and machine learning (ML) methods, we theoretically realize the recognition of nine skyrmionic textures and the mining of magnetic Hamiltonian parameters from massive spin texture images in 2D Heisenberg model. For textures classification, a deep neural network (DNN) trained according to transfer learning is proposed to distinguish nine different skyrmionic textures. For parameters extraction, based on the textures generated by different Heisenberg exchange stiffness (J), Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya strength (D), and anisotropy constant (K), we apply a multi-input single-output (MISO) deep learning model (handling with both images and parameters) and a support vector regression (SVR) model (dealing with Fourier features) to extract the parameters embedded in the spin textures. The models for classification and extraction both achieve great results with the accuracy of 98% (DNN),90% (MISO) and 80% (SVR). Importantly, via our ML methods, the skyrmionic textures with blurred phase boundaries can be effectively distinguished, and the concluded formation conditions of various skyrmionic textures, especially the skyrmion crystal, are consistent with previous reports. Besides, our models demonstrate the mapping relationship between spin texture images and magnetic parameters, which proves the feasibility of extracting microscopic mechanisms from experimental images and has guiding significance for the experiments of spintronics.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2022

Theoretical prediction of Curie temperature in two-dimensional ferromagnetic monolayer

Theoretical prediction of Curie temperature (TC) is of vital importance for designing the spintronic devices in two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials. Herein, based on the extensive investigation of Monte Carlo simulations, we summary and propose an improved method to estimate TC more precisely, which includes the different contributions of multiple near-neighbor interactions. Taking monolayer CrI3 as an example, the trends of TC with biaxial strain are investigated via Monte Carlo simulations, mean-field formulas and our method. Besides, our method is not only accurate and convenient to predicting the TC in 2D ferromagnetic honeycomb lattice CrI3 but it can be extended for predicting the TC of other 2D lattices. Our work paves the way to accelerate the prediction and discovery of novel 2D ferromagnets for spintronic applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2022

Strain-tunable Dzyaloshinskii--Moriya interaction and skyrmions in two-dimensional Janus Cr$_{2}$X$_{3}$Y$_{3}$ (X, Y = Cl, Br, I, X $\neq$ Y) trihalide monolayers

Recently, great effort has been devoted to the search for two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials with inherent strong Dzyaloshinskii--Moriya interaction (DMI). Here, through a first-principles approach, we systematically investigate the effect of biaxial strain on the DMI, the Heisenberg exchange interaction, and the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Janus Cr$_{2}$X$_{3}$Y$_{3}$ (X, Y = Cl, Br, I, X $\neq$ Y) monolayers. Both DMI and MAE can be significantly enhanced by tensile strain, while a reversal of the chirality of DMI in Cr$_{2}$Cl$_{3}$Br$_{3}$ and a switch of MAE from off-plane to in-plane in Cr$_{2}$I$_{3}$Cl$_{3}$ are induced by a compressive strain of $2\%$. Microscopically, DMI and MAE are associated mainly with the large spin--orbit coupling of the heavy nonmagnetic halogen atoms rather than that of the magnetic Cr atoms. In particular, the peculiar magnetic transition of Cr$_{2}$I$_{3}$Cl$_{3}$ is explained by competition between direct exchange and superexchange interactions. Micromagnetic simulations show that a small external magnetic field of 65~mT stabilizes a skyrmion with a diameter of 9.8~nm in the Cr$_2$I$_3$Cl$_3$ monolayer. Our results will provide guidance for further research on DMI and skyrmions in 2D Janus materials, as well as a basis for the potential applications in spintronic devices.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2022

Enhanced Curie temperature and skyrmion stability in room temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor CrISe monolayer

We report CrISe monolayer as a room temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor with the Curie temperature ($T_C$), magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and band gap being 322 K, 113 $μ$eV and 0.67 eV, respectively. The $T_C$ and MAE can be further enhanced up to 385 K and 313 $μ$eV by tensile strain. More interestingly, the magnetic easy axis can be switched between off-plane and in-plane by compressive strain. Particularly, due to the broken inversion symmetry and strong spin-orbit coupling of Se atoms, a large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) of 2.40 meV is obtained. More importantly, by micromagnetic simulations, stable skyrmions with sub-10 nm radius are stabilized by the large DMI above room temperature in a wide range of strain from $-2\%$ to $6\%$. Our work demonstrates CrISe as a promising candidate for next-generation skyrmion-based information storage devices and provides guidance for the research of DMI and skyrmions in room temperature ferromagnetic semiconductors.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2005

Recirculating BBU thresholds for polarized HOMs with optical coupling

We will derive the general theory of the beam-breakup instability in recirculating linear accelerators with coupled beam optics and with polarized higher order dipole modes. The bunches do not have to be at the same RF phase during each recirculation turn. This is important for the description of energy recovery linacs (ERLs) where beam currents become very large and coupled optics are used on purpose to increase the threshold current. A remarkable agreement with tracking data is demonstrated. The general formulas are then analyzed for several analytically solvable cases, which show: (a) Why different higher order modes (HOM) in one cavity can couple and cannot be considered individually, even when their frequencies are separated by much more than the resonance widths of the HOMs. For the Cornell ERL as an example, it is noted that optimum advantage of coupled optics is taken when the cavities are designed with an $x$-$y$ HOM frequency splitting of above 50MHz. The threshold current is then far above the design current of this accelerator. (b) How the $x$-$y$ coupling in the particle optics determines when modes can be considered separately. (c) That the increase of the threshold current obtainable by coupled optics and polarized modes diminishes roughly with the square root of the HOMs' quality factors. Therefore the largest advantages are achieved with cavities that are not specifically designed to minimize these quality factors, e.g. by means of HOM absorbers. (d) How multiple-turn recirculation interferes with the threshold improvements obtained with a coupled optics.

physics.acc-ph↗