arXiv subjects

E. Bernardini

Publications and source records attributed to E. Bernardini.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

IceCube neutrino point-source searches in the direction of the KM3NeT ultra-high-energy event

While still under construction, the KM3NeT Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss (ARCA) detector recorded a $\sim$200 PeV neutrino on February 13th, 2023. This event is the highest-energy neutrino reported. IceCube, a cubic kilometer neutrino detector located at the geographic South Pole, has previously detected neutrinos up to approximately 10 PeV. We search for high-energy neutrinos from the location of the KM3NeT event using 15 years of IceCube data and considering three temporal hypotheses: steady or flaring in time coincidence, or at an arbitrary time. We find no evidence for neutrino emission for any of the studies performed. Correspondingly, we set upper limits on the neutrino flux from a point source in the direction of KM3-230213A. We compare these limits to KM3NeT's estimated flux and show that an astrophysical explanation of this event is strongly constrained for a variety of spectral assumptions for a steady or transient point source with the flux inferred from the single KM3NeT ultra-high-energy event assuming a spectral index of 2.0.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Revisiting EBL Constraints from Gamma-Ray Observations: A Critical Assessment and Methodological Improvements

The extragalactic background light (EBL), ranging from the infrared to the ultraviolet bands, is the second most intense photon field in the universe, surpassed only by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It is primarily generated by starlight in galaxies, either directly or through absorption by dust and re-emission at longer wavelengths. Very high energy (VHE, $E$ > $100\,$GeV) photons can be absorbed via $\gamma \gamma$ interactions with the EBL during their propagation across cosmological distances, providing an indirect method to probe the EBL by studying its impact on the energy spectra of distant VHE sources. This paper examines the robustness of EBL constraints derived from gamma-ray data, critically assessing the assumptions made in previous studies about the intrinsic source spectra, the uncertainties of the observations and the validity of the analysis tools. We find that earlier studies likely underestimated the uncertainties in the EBL intensity constraints, underscoring the need to account for systematic uncertainties comprehensively. By employing a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and a plausible model for unknown systematic errors, we compute more realistic uncertainties. Additionally, we discuss possible alternatives to set EBL constraints, relaxing the assumptions on the intrinsic spectra of gamma-ray sources, with the goal of achieving more robust constraints.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Search for Neutrinos from Tidal Disruption Events with IceCube

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are theorized to produce high-energy neutrinos through photohadronic interactions between accelerated protons and multi-wavelength photons in the accretion disk and outflows. Detecting these neutrinos would provide insight into the dynamics of TDEs. Taking advantage of the recent increase in observed TDEs from wide field-of-view telescopes, we conduct a dedicated search for neutrinos coincident in optical/UV and X-ray wavelengths. We searched for neutrino emission from 89 TDEs selected based on X-ray and optical/UV observations using time-dependent likelihood analysis methods in two parts. First, we searched for emission from individual sources, where we fit the time window of expected neutrino emission. Second, we performed a study of jetted and non-jetted TDE subpopulations using a stacking search with a fixed one year time window. No significant neutrino excess was observed in either search. We set upper limits to the contribution of jetted and non-jetted TDEs detected in optical/UV and X-ray wavelengths to the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux assuming TDEs are standard candles.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Searching for Extra Dimensions and Copies of the Standard Model with IceCube

The hierarchy problem remains an open question in particle physics. A number of theories that address this problem lower the fundamental scale of gravity, resulting in observable consequences in the neutrino sector. In this work, we place constraints on low-scale gravity scenarios using high-energy neutrinos observed with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The analysis is based on 10.7 years of upward-going muon neutrino data in the energy range from 0.5 to 100 TeV. In this energy range, the theories predict characteristic spectral distortions arising from matter effects when neutrinos propagate through Earth. In the context of large extra dimension models, we constrain the compactification radius of the largest extra dimension to $R \lesssim 0.17\,\mu\mathrm{m}$ at $90\%$ confidence level for both normal and inverted neutrino mass ordering. For scenarios with multiple Standard Model copies, we obtain lower limits of up to $N \gtrsim \mathcal{O}(400)$, depending on the value of the lightest neutrino mass. In parts of the parameter space, these results constitute the strongest constraints in the literature to our knowledge, while in other regions they probe previously unexplored parameter space.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2026

Astrophysical Sensitivity Projections for the IceCube Upgrade

Embedded in the South Pole's glacial ice, IceCube detects neutrino-induced Cherenkov light using an array of digital optical modules equipped with single photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The new extension installed in 2025/2026, the IceCube Upgrade, introduces densely instrumented multi-PMT optical modules within the existing infill array known as IceCube DeepCore. It is expected to enhance sensitivity in the GeV regime, with commissioning of the detector expected to be complete by the end of 2026. We present the projected sensitivities of the IceCube Upgrade for three key analyses: neutrino transient searches, steady emission from point sources such as NGC 1068, and diffuse emission from the Milky Way. These case studies represent direct extensions of current IceCube analyses. Using new Monte Carlo datasets, we demonstrate that the IceCube Upgrade achieves order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity at low energies ($\lesssim 10$ GeV) for time-dependent sources across short timescales. Conversely, for time-independent searches, the relative impact of the IceCube Upgrade's low-energy data is diluted by the decade-long accumulation of high-energy archival data. Nevertheless, we project significant improvements for soft-spectrum sources especially across the southern sky, driven by the IceCube Upgrade's superior background rejection capabilities. The improved sensitivity at low energies for both transient and steady sources will open up an expanded discovery window for IceCube in the GeV band over the next decade.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Estimating the sensitivity of the IceCube Upgrade to probe the interior of the Earth using atmospheric neutrino oscillations

The IceCube Upgrade is a densely instrumented central region of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, deployed during the 2025-26 polar season. It will reduce the detector's energy threshold and improve overall reconstruction capabilities for multi-GeV atmospheric neutrinos, which in turn enhance their sensitivity to Earth matter effects as they traverse through the deep Earth. In this study, we describe the potential of the IceCube Upgrade to observe Earth matter effects on atmospheric neutrinos and estimate the detector's sensitivity to probe key features of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model by utilizing these observations. We highlight the IceCube Upgrade's capability to estimate the mass of the Earth and verify the non-homogeneous distribution of matter density within the Earth. We also estimate the IceCube Upgrade sensitivity to measure the correlated densities of the Earth layers while incorporating constraints from the mass and moment of inertia of the Earth. Neutrino-based results would be independent and complementary to the seismic and gravitational measurements.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2026

High-energy neutrino emission from the Milky Way

The Milky Way hosts astrophysical objects that accelerate cosmic rays to energies beyond the reach of terrestrial particle accelerators. It remains a longstanding goal to locate the sites of these powerful Galactic engines and understand how cosmic rays propagate through the Galaxy, leading to the production of high-energy neutrinos. In this paper, we combine event morphologies characteristic of all three neutrino flavours and apply recent improvements in ice modelling, calibration and reconstruction to 12 years of IceCube data. With a predefined, global analysis we establish high-energy neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at 5.7 $\sigma$ significance. A further study shows that the inner region of the Galaxy is a prominent neutrino source, with 217 shower events with visible energy above 5 TeV compared with an expected background of 154.4 $\pm$ 4.1. These results herald a new era of Galactic multi-messenger astronomy, creating new opportunities to study cosmic-ray propagation and probe neutrino properties over kiloparsec distances.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Constraints on the VHE counterpart of two binary black hole mergers observed by the MAGIC and CTAO LST-1 telescopes

We present very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of two binary black hole merger candidates, GW240615_113620 and GW241125_010116, performed with the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the first Large-Sized Telescope of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory's (CTAO LST-1). GW240615_113620 was the best localized event of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA gravitational waves interferometers. GW241125_010116 was temporally and spatially coincident with a sub-threshold short-duration burst detected with the Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), the Swift-X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and the Einstein Probe Follow-up X-ray Telescope (FXT). We observed the two events in stereoscopic mode, taking advantage of the improved sensitivity of joint MAGIC+LST-1 observations. No detection was achieved in the GeV-TeV gamma-ray band for any of the two sources. The unfavourable observing conditions of both events posed a challenge for a standard analysis and therefore a non standard analysis was necessary for both objects. Owing to the small localization area and the association with a GRB-like burst respectively, these events represented an unprecedented opportunity to study in details the electromagnetic emission from binary black holes merger events and, in particular, we discussed two theoretical models that predict a detectable gamma-ray emission and the possible future applications.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

WavePID: Low-energy flavor identification using single-PMT time series in IceCube

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a cubic-kilometer detector at the South Pole, identifies neutrino flavor through event morphology. Sparse photon detection makes this classification particularly challenging in the 5--100~GeV regime, the energy range relevant for oscillation measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We introduce WavePID, a template-based log-likelihood-ratio classifier that exploits nanosecond-scale timing on individual detector modules through three observables: the distance to the reconstructed vertex, the early-charge fraction, and the module-to-module time difference. Evaluated on a cascade-enriched sample selected by a state-of-the-art graph neural network, WavePID improves both cascade purity and classification performance over the neural network alone. This demonstrates that per-module pulse timing carries flavor-identification information complementary to morphology-based classifiers, opening a new physics-motivated observable for low-energy neutrino reconstruction. Geant4 simulations associate this signal with differences in Cherenkov emission geometry between muon tracks and electromagnetic showers. These results motivate exploiting nanosecond-scale pulse timing in future low-energy classifiers and in detector designs with improved per-module timing in next-generation neutrino telescopes.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

High-Energy Neutrino Tomography of the Earth's Interior with IceCube

The Earth's interior reflects its geological evolution, from accretion to present-day dynamics. Its structure drives the geodynamo in the outer core, generating the magnetic field that shields the surface from charged cosmic radiation. The primary observables of the Earth's interior are its radial density distribution and derived quantities such as its mass and moment of inertia. These have traditionally been inferred from gravity and seismic wave propagation, which probe the macroscopic response of matter to gravitational and elastic forces. Here we instead constrain the Earth's density profile using high-energy neutrinos observed by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. We analyze 10.7 years of predominantly muon-neutrino data spanning 500 GeV--100 TeV, including atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere and the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux. Neutrino attenuation depends on both the traversed column density and neutrino energy. By measuring the zenith- and energy-dependent flux suppression, we infer the Earth's radial density profile by fitting a concentric uniform-density shell model that incorporates neutrino fluxes, interaction cross sections, detector response, and glacial-ice systematic uncertainties. From the resulting density posteriors, we derive the Earth's mass and polar moment of inertia as measured by neutrinos. These are the most precise weak-interaction measurements of these quantities to date and are consistent with the Preliminary Reference Earth Model and independent gravitational determinations. Our results demonstrate that neutrinos provide a novel probe of planetary interiors via a distinct physical interaction, complementing gravity and seismology. With improved detectors and precision, neutrinos will further contribute to a multifaceted understanding of the Earth's structure.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

IceCube Real-time Searches for High-energy Neutrinos Coincident with LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA Gravitational-Wave Alerts in O4a

Gravitational-wave events from mergers of compact objects are a predicted source of high-energy neutrinos. Using data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, we search for neutrinos coincident with 85 significant and 945 low-significance gravitational-wave candidate events from compact binary coalescences published in real-time by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration during the first part of its fourth observing run (O4a) and its preceding engineering run, within a time window of $\pm500$ seconds centered on the merger time. We report improvements to the online pipelines, including automatic sending of notices, which has decreased the IceCube real-time response time to gravitational-wave events. In addition, we search for long-duration neutrino emission (up to two weeks after the merger) from three candidate events: two neutron star-black hole mergers, and one low-significance gravitational-wave event with a possible subthreshold gamma-ray counterpart. We use two methods, both of which have been previously used to search for neutrino emission associated with gravitational-wave transients: an unbinned maximum likelihood analysis on significant alerts and a Bayesian analysis accounting for astrophysical priors on both significant and low-significance alerts. We find no statistically significant emission from any of the individual gravitational-wave events analyzed, and set upper limits on the time-integrated flux and energy emitted in high energy neutrinos assuming isotropic emission from each event.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Detection of the distant quasar OP 313 with the first Large-Sized Telescope of CTAO

In December 2023, the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) detected for the first time VHE $\gamma$-ray emission from the FSRQ OP~313 becoming the furthest blazar ever observed at VHE with z=0.997. We aim to characterize the $\gamma$-ray emission of OP 313 during this flare, comparing it with its average emission state in order to understand the processes leading to this detection. Its remarkable distance also enables studies on the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL), with the goal of evaluating the attenuation of VHE $\gamma$-ray photons. We characterize the $\gamma$-ray emission during the flare in December 2023 and the low emission state observed in January 2024 thanks to the LST-1 and MAGIC data and quasi-simultaneous \textit{Fermi}-LAT observations. This dataset also enables us to evaluate the EBL attenuation by systematically exploring the EBL intensity over the $\gamma$-ray spectrum. Finally, we study the multi-wavelength emission and interpret the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) within blazar radiative models including the thermal contributions from the accretion disc, dusty torus and broad line region. We also characterize the flare brightness in the high-energy (HE, $E>100$~MeV) $\gamma$-ray band, that was found to be a factor 50 above the average emission seen by \textit{Fermi}-LAT. The HE and VHE observations allow us to set constrains to the EBL density. Finally, thanks to the extensive multi-wavelength campaign organized, we are able to construct and model the broadband SED of OP~313 within the framework of a two-zone leptonic model where the $\gamma$-ray emission is produced via inverse-Compton scattering of the broad line region, accretion disk and dusty torus photon fields. However the dominant external photon field remains unknown, as several combinations are able to successfully explain the $\gamma$-ray emission observed.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

IceCube Second Track Data Release IceTracks-DR2: Data from 2008-2022 for Neutrino Source Searches

We present IceCube's latest release of muon track data for neutrino point-source searches, extending the previously published 10-year dataset to cover 14 years of observations (April 6, 2008 - May 23, 2022). This release features an updated event selection and improved detector calibration for data recorded after June 1, 2010. The release also includes binned instrument response functions and effective areas, enabling the community to perform sensitive searches for steady and transient neutrino sources. We report on key science results obtained with this dataset using internal IceCube analysis tools and compare them to those derived from analyses based on the binned response functions included in this public release. To facilitate reproducible research, we provide benchmark results obtained using this data release and publicly available software. This release represents IceCube's most sensitive and comprehensive publicly available all-sky muon track dataset to date and should be preferred over previous releases.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Sensitivity Projections for Low-Mass Dark Matter Annihilation with the IceCube Upgrade

The IceCube Upgrade, an extension designed to enhance the IceCube Neutrino Observatory's detection of neutrinos with energies between 1 GeV and 500 GeV, will markedly improve IceCube's sensitivity to low-mass dark matter scenarios. In this study, we present sensitivity projections for the IceCube Upgrade to neutrino fluxes arising from dark matter annihilation. In particular, we consider dark matter with masses between 3 GeV to 500 GeV from both the core of the Sun and the Galactic Center. These projections indicate that the IceCube Upgrade will enable stringent limits on dark matter in this parameter space, achieving leading sensitivities to some dark matter models with only three years of data taking.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2026

Long-term study of the gamma-ray emission of Cygnus X-3 with MAGIC and Fermi-LAT

Cygnus X-3 is a microquasar composed of a compact object of unknown nature closely orbiting around a Wolf-Rayet star. The particularities of this source make it a unique case among microquasars. This fact, together with its recent establishment as a PeV particle accelerator, makes Cygnus X-3 a very interesting target for the investigation of the physical processes leading to gamma-ray production. In this work, the TeV and GeV gamma-ray emission of Cygnus X-3 is studied in order to determine its origin and constrain the properties of the system. For that purpose, a point-like analysis of 130 h of data taken with the MAGIC telescopes between 2013 and 2024 was performed, which represents the largest available sample for Cygnus X-3 at $\sim$TeV energies. Additionally, contemporary data from Fermi-LAT were also analysed to better contextualize the MAGIC observations. For a more detailed investigation of the source physics, the data were divided into three subsets according to the flaring state of the source and orbital phase. No significant detection of Cygnus X-3 is found between 0.1 and 7 TeV for any of the datasets, and differential and integral flux upper limits are reported over the long-term monitoring of the source. The Fermi-LAT fluxes can be considered compatible with previous results, taking into account the different data samples used across studies. The MAGIC upper limits presented in this work represent the most constraining ones up to date at $\sim$TeV energies. An eventual detection of Cygnus X-3 at these energies would significantly constrain the source properties, and is not unreasonable to expect given that the source has already been detected in both the GeV and PeV regimes during flaring states. Further observations of Cygnus X-3 at energies above tens of GeV would be valuable for this purpose.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

The January 2010 flare of Mrk421: Insights from a stochastic acceleration model

Mrk421 displayed its highest flux state ever observed in February of 2010 with very high TeV fluxes and interesting cross-band correlations and a spectral energy distribution (SED) evolution not entirely consistent with the standard single zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton model. The source was already in a high state in January 2010 and displayed strong variability in the days preceding the highest state. We study the temporal evolution of the spectra in January to extract information about the particle dynamics and the physical properties of the emission region. We build up on the temporal variability and correlations studied in the previous work (MAGIC collaboration - Abe et al. 2025) and attempt to improve the SED model fits with a physics oriented approach. The multi-wavelength data was processed and the SEDs were fit using JetSeT. The SED evolution and cross band correlations were modelled using leptonic log-parabola with a low energy power-law branch (LPPL) and pile-up distributions that are predicted in a stochastic acceleration scenario. A simplified temporal evolution model was developed and fit to the SEDs and the resulting trends and phenomenology were characterised in context of theoretical literature. An expanding emission region model was also tested. We find the spectral variability to be well in agreement with stochastic acceleration. Our analysis suggests that the standard LPPL distribution develops a Maxwellian pile-up component at the transition from acceleration to cooling dominated phase on 3 nights in the dataset, as also hinted by the very-high energy and X-ray light curves. The resulting phenomenology of our sequential snapshot evolution SED model agrees well with theoretical and numerical simulation studies on temporal evolution using the diffusion equation approach.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Neural posterior estimation of the neutrino direction in IceCube using transformer-encoded normalizing flows on the sphere

IceCube is a cubic-kilometer-scale neutrino detector located at the geographic South Pole. A precise directional reconstruction of IceCube neutrinos is vital for associations with astronomical objects. In this context, we discuss neural posterior estimation of the neutrino direction via a transformer encoder that maps to a normalizing flow on the 2-sphere. It achieves a new state-of-the-art angular resolution for the two main event morphologies in IceCube - tracks and showers - while being significantly faster than traditional B-spline-based likelihood reconstructions. All-sky scans can be performed within seconds rather than hours, and take constant computation time, regardless of whether the posterior extent is arc-minutes or spans the whole sky. We utilize a combination of $C^2$-smooth rational-quadratic splines, scale transformations and rotations to define a novel spherical normalizing-flow distribution whose parameters are predicted as a whole as the output of the transformer encoder. We test several structural choices diverting from the vanilla transformer architecture. In particular, we find dual residual streams, nonlinear QKV projection and a separate class token with its own cross-attention processing to boost test-time performance. The angular resolution for both showers and tracks improves substantially over the whole trained energy range from 100 GeV to 100 PeV. At 100 TeV deposited energy, for example, the median angular resolution improves by a factor of $1.3$ for throughgoing tracks, by a factor of $1.7$ for showers and by a factor of $2.5$ for starting tracks compared to state-of-the art likelihood reconstructions based on B-splines. While previous machine-learning (ML) efforts have managed to obtain competitive shower resolutions, this is the first time an ML-based method outperforms likelihood-based muon reconstructions above 100 GeV.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2026

Chasing Gamma-Ray Signals from Binary Neutron Star Coalescences with the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Prospects and Observing Strategies

The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), together with its electromagnetic counterpart, the short gamma-ray burst GRB~170817A, heralded the birth of multi-messenger astronomy. The detection of TeV emission from GRBs motivates follow-up observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), ideal for detecting such signals due to its unprecedented sensitivity, rapid response, and wide-field survey capabilities. The aim of this work is to evaluate GeV--TeV GW follow-up strategies for CTAO using a multi-step simulation pipeline and to estimate the expected rate of joint GW-GRB detections during observing run O5. Using a simulated sample of BNS systems with corresponding GW detections, gamma-ray emission is simulated through phenomenological prescriptions based on the observed population of short GRBs, including off-axis jet scenarios. CTAO observations are simulated to account for instrument response, sky tiling strategies, integration times, and varying observing conditions. Strategies with variable and constant integration times are investigated. We find that, via an optimized follow-up strategy, about 5% of simulated GW-associated short GRBs produce GeV--TeV radiation detectable by CTAO. Detectability is strongly influenced by the jet opening angle and viewing angle, suggesting that even rough estimates of the viewing angle in GW alerts could enhance targeting. This framework motivates future follow-ups of GW-detectable events, including neutron star-black hole mergers, and further supports the development of advanced strategies incorporating galaxy distributions and synergies with future detectors such as the Einstein Telescope.

astro-ph.HE↗