arXiv subjects

Jong-Ping Hsu

Publications and source records attributed to Jong-Ping Hsu.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

A Hydrogen-Like Model for Pion and Kaon Masses Based on Dirac Quark-Hamiltonians and Numerical Methods

We consider a relativistic hydrogen-like model for meson mass spectra. The model is based on a Lagrangian with a new general Yang-Mills symmetry. The strong interactions involve a fourth-order field equation that generates a linear confining potential. Notably, this model for meson masses requires quarks to carry only a single `confining charge' $f_c$ rather than three color charges. We classify meson mass spectra into sub-spectra defined by isospin, G-parity, total angular momentum and parity. By applying a numerical solver to the Dirac Hamiltonians--incorporating two short-range confining potentials, we obtain energy eigenvalues in natural units. The model has three coupling constants and one parameter. It provides a robust fit of 31 pions and kaons masses (from $\approx 140 MeV$ to $\approx 2,300 MeV$) to within $\approx 18\%$ of relative percentage error. The model suggests that the confining charge $f_c$=0.045/MeV = 8.87 fm plays the role of the basic length in the quark interactions.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Experiments on the Violation of Electromagnetic Gauge Symmetry by Yang-Mills Gravity Using Josephson Effects in Superconductors

Yang-Mills gravity is a quantum theory of gravity with translational gauge symmetry that is based on a flat space-time. The universal coupling of all quantum fields to quantum Yang-Mills gravity is based on the replacement of $\partial_μ$ by the translational gauge covariant derivative $(\partial_μ+gϕ_μ^ν\partial_ν)$ in the Lagrangians of non-gravitational fields. Near the surface of the Earth, Yang-Mills gravity causes the phase gradient $\partial_k θ$ to be altered by a factor of $h_1\approx(1- gϕ)\approx 1- 7\times 10^{-10}$. In addition, the usual gauge-invariant combination of phase gradients and vector potentials ${\bf A}$ in Josephson junctions is modified and is no longer gauge invariant. The voltage across a Josephson junction is thus affected by the presence of the gravitational coupling constant $g$, and is now given by $V_{g21}\approx Q \int_1^2 [- \mbox{\boldmath$ {\bf \nabla}$} A_0 - h_1^{-2}{\partial {\bf A}}/{\partial t}]\cdot d{\bf s}$. We propose an experimental test of Yang-Mills gravity based on this effect. If one were to compare the voltage across a Josephson junction in a laboratory at rest on Earth with that across a junction in free fall (e.g., in the International Space Station or in a plane maneuvering to simulate zero-gravity such as NASA's now-retired "Vomit Comet"), Yang-Mills gravity predicts a difference on the order of 1 part in $10^{9}$, which should be detectable as the precision of the Josephson junction voltage standard is on the order of a few parts in $10^{10}$.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2025

Confining Quantum Chromodynamics Model for 3-Quark Baryons, New Mass Source, `Proton Spin Crisis' Solution and Idealized Quark-Lepton Mass Symmetry

We discuss a model for the relativistic bound states of 3-quark baryons based on confining quantum chromoynamics (QCD) with general Yang-Mills symmetry. The model postulates that 3-quark states are formed by consecutive 2-body collisions. For a proton, d and u quarks get together first, and then they capture another u quark so that the d quark is at the core to form a stable proton state with intergral electric charge. The two u quarks form a quantum spheric shell and move in a confining potential $C(r)= Q' r$ of the core d quark. The confining potential $C(r)$ is a static solution of new `phase' fields satisfying the fourth-order equation based on general Yang-Mills symmetry. The two u quarks with the confining linear potentials $C(r)$ in the spherical shell can produce an effective quark Hooke potential $V_{qH}(r)=Qr^2 + V_o$ for the d quark at the core, where Q and $Q'$ are not independent. The proton mass is assumed to be approximately given by $ E(d) + 2E(u)$, which can be obtained analytically from Dirac Hamiltonians involving $V_{qH}(r)$ and $C(r)$ for d and two u quarks respectively. The model gives a reasonable understanding of roughly 120 baryon masses based on two different coupling constants and one free parameter $V_o$ for sub-spectra specfied by $J^P$. These results are roughly within 20\% in percent deviation, which appears to be independent of the assumption of color charges. The confining QCD model also gives the neutron-proton mass difference $\approx 0.6 MeV$. We propose an experimental test of the proton structure.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2022

A Model for Dark Energy Based on Baryonic Charges with General Yang-Mills Symmetry

General Yang-Mills symmetry and Yang-Mills gravity in inertial frames presents a possible avenue for understanding dark energy phenomenon in terms of the extremely small baryon charges of protons and neutrons. General gauge transformations involve vector gauge functions and Hamilton's characteristic phase functions rather than scalar gauge functions and usual phase functions. One has fourth-order gauge field equations, which lead to a static linear potential between two point baryonic charges. Together with gravitational force, the model predicts that in the early universe, when the gravitational force was dominant, not only was the expansion occurring at a decreasing rate, the rate of change of the deceleration was decreasing due to a $1/r^2$ dependence. In the present universe, when the baryonic force is dominant, the cosmic acceleration should be approximately constant and has a maximum value $a_{max}\approx 10^{-13} m/s^2$, as measured in an inertial frame. We hope that these properties of the late-time cosmic acceleration can be tested in the future.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Dark Matter, Cosmic Positrons in Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment and Particle-Cosmology with Yang-Mills Gravity

We discuss a model of dark matter consisting of high energy anti-electron-neutrinos with leptonic force, which is produced by the conserved leptonic charge $g_\ell$ associated with Lee-Yang's $U_1$ gauge symmetry. Based on particle-cosmology for early universe, the high energy neutrino (HEN) model of dark matter assumes that the neutron decay processes, $n\to p^+ + e^- +\ovν_e$, dominate the epoch after the creation, collision and confinement processes of quarks and antiquarks in the beginning. The HEN model implies the following results: There are almost equal numbers of electrons, protons and anti-electron-neutrinos dominated the matter cosmos. There are unobservable and ubiquitous anti-electron-neutrinos $\ovν_e$ with leptonic charge $g_\ell$ in the universe. Although the total mass of anti-electron-neutrino dark matter is negligible in the universe, its enhanced gravitational and leptonic forces could lead to the observed flat rotation curves due to relativistic $\ovν_e$, whose static force involves a factor $E_ν/m_ν\approx 10^6$. We estimate the leptonic charge to be $g_\ell \approx 7 \times 10^{-21}$. The model predicts that the anti-electron-neutrino dark matter can interact with cosmic-ray protons to produce positrons, i.e. $\ovν_e + p^+ \to e^+ +n$, through weak interaction of the unified electroweak theory. The anti-electron-neutrino dark matter sheds light on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) experiment, which has detected the intriguing excess of cosmic-ray positrons over what is expected. The HEN model of dark matter suggests an experimental test of the new Lee-Yang force between electrons by using modern precision Cavendish experiment.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Dynamic Models for the Beginning, Hubble Law and the Future of the Universe Based on Strong Cosmological Principle and Yang-Mills Gravity

We discuss highly simplified dynamic models for the beginning, expansion and future of the universe based on the strong cosmological principle and Yang-Mills gravity in flat space-time. We derive a relativistic Okubo equation of motion for galaxies with a time-dependent effective metric tensor $G_{μν}(t)$. The strong cosmological principle states that $G_{μν}(t)=\e_{μν} A^2(t)$ for $t \ge 0$. In a model (HHK) with Yang-Mills gravity in the super-macroscopic limit, one has $A(t)= a_o t^{1/2}$, which leads to the initial mass run away velocity $\dot{r}(0)=c$, associated with $r(0)=r_o>0$. Thus, the Okubo equation of motion for galaxies predicts a `detonation' at the beginning of the universe. The Okubo equation also implies $r(\infty) \to \infty$, $\dot{r}(\infty) \to 0$ with zero redshift for the future of the universe. In addition, the Okubo equation leads to the usual Hubble's law $\dot{r}(t) \approx H(t) r(t)$, where $H(t)=\dot{A}(t)/A(t)$ in non-relativistic approximation. We also discuss a model with a strict Hubble linear relation $\dot{r}(t) \approx const.\times r(t)$ for all time. This model gives a silent beginning of the universe: $\dot{r}(t)=0, \ \ddot{r}(t)\to\infty$ as $t \to 0$; and final radius $r(t) \to \infty,$ final velocity, $\dot{r}(t) \to c$, $\ddot{r}(t)\to 0$ as $t \to \infty$. In all models with the strong cosmological principle in flat space-time, Hubble's recession velocities are predicted to have a maximum, i.e., the speed of light, as measured in an inertial frame.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2019

Confining QCD Model with Linear and 1/r potentials and Non-Propagating `Confion' Based on General Yang-Mills Symmetry

A confining quantum chromodynamics (QCD) model is formulated on the basis of a new general Yang-Mills $SU_3$ symmetry. The general Yang-Mills transformations involve arbitrary vector gauge functions $ω_μ(x)$ and Hamilton's characteristic phase functions. We derive fourth-order equations for new `phase fields', which predicts dual linear and Coulomb-like potentials for quark confinement. The quantum of the `phase field' is called `confion'. The confion coupling strength turns out to be small, $g_s^2/(4π) \approx 0.2$, based on Cornell's results for charmonium. Confions have indefinite energies. However, such unphysical energies of confions cannot be detected because they are permanently confined within the quark systems. Furthermore, Green functions associated with confions do not propagate in space-time.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2019

Violation of $U_1$ Gauge Symmetry by Yang-Mills Gravity and Deflection of Light Experiment

Based on the gauge symmetry framework, the $U_1$ symmetry of electrodynamics is violated in the presence of gravity with space-time translational gauge symmetry in inertial frames. For a light ray, an eikonal equation with effective metric tensors is derived in the geometric-optics limit. Under these conditions, the angle of the deflection of light by the sun is calculated to be $\d ϕ\approx 1.75''$ in inertial frames without requiring a gauge condition such as $\p_μA^μ=0$. In contrast, if the theory is $U_1$ gauge invariant, one can impose the gauge condition $\p_μA^μ=0$ in the derivation of the eikonal equation. In this case, one obtains a slightly different effective metric tensor and a different angle of deflection $\d ϕ\approx 1.52''$. However, because the precision of experiments in the last century using optical frequencies has been no better than (10 $-$ 20)\% due to large systematic errors, one cannot unambiguously rule out the result $\d ϕ\approx 1.52'$. It is hoped that the precision of these data can be improved in order to test Yang-Mills gravity.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2019

Exact Recession Velocity and Cosmic Redshift Based on Cosmological Principle and Yang-Mills Gravity

Based on the cosmological principle and quantum Yang-Mills gravity in the super-macroscopic limit, we obtain an exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift z, as measured in an inertial frame $F\equiv F(t,x,y,z).$ For a matter-dominated universe, we have the effective cosmic metric tensor $G_{μν}(t)=(B^2(t),-A^2(t),-A^2(t),-A^2(t)), \ A\propto B\propto t^{1/2}$, where $t$ has the operational meaning of time in $F$ frame. We assume a cosmic action $S\equiv S_{cos}$ involving $G_{μν}(t)$ and derive the `Okubo equation' of motion, $G^{μν}(t)\partial_μS \partial_νS - m^2=0$, for a distant galaxy with mass $m$. This cosmic equation predicts an exact recession velocity, $\dot{r}=rH/[1/2 +\sqrt{1/4+r^2H^2/C_o^2} ]<C_o$, where $H=\dot{A}(t)/A(t)$ and $C_o=B/A$, as observed in the inertial frame $F$. For small velocities, we have the usual Hubble's law $\dot{r} \approx rH$ for recession velocities. Following the formulation of the accelerated Wu-Doppler effect, we investigate cosmic redshifts z as measured in $F$. It is natural to assume the massless Okubo equation, $G^{μν}(t)\partial_μψ_e \partial_νψ_e=0$, for light emitted from accelerated distant galaxies. Based on the principle of limiting continuation of physical laws, we obtain a transformation for covariant wave 4-vectors between and inertial and an accelerated frame, and predict a relationship for the exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift, $z=[(1+V_r)/(1-V_r^2)^{1/2}] - 1$, where $V_r=\dot{r}/C_o<1$, as observed in the inertial frame $F$. These predictions of the cosmic model are consistent with experiments for small velocities and should be further tested.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2018

Big Jets Model with CPT Invariance and Dynamics of Expansion with Quantum Yang-Mills Gravity

Based on particle physics, the fundamental CPT invariance suggests a Big Jets model for the beginning of the universe, in which two oppositely directed jets evolved into a gigantic "matter half-universe" and a gigantic "antimatter half-universe" after annihilation and decay processes. In the geometric-optics limit, quantum Yang-Mills gravity with $T_4$ translational gauge symmetry in flat spacetime leads to an effective metric tensor in the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for macroscopic objects. This effective metric tensor does not exist in the wave equations of quantum particles. For cosmological expansion, we assume that an "effective metric tensor" for spacetime geometry based on Yang-Mills gravity corresponds to the usual FLRW form. Dynamical equations of expansion for the matter half-universe are obtained and solved. The time-dependent scale factors and the estimated age of the universes, $t^{YM}_o \approx 15.3 \times 10^9 yr$, based on Yang-Mills gravity are consistent with experiments. CPT invariance implies that the same evolution process and dynamics of cosmic expansion also hold for the distant `antimatter half-universe.'

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2018

Quark Confinement, New Cosmic Expansion and General Yang-Mills Symmetry

We discuss a unified model of quark confinement and new cosmic expansion with linear potentials based on a general $(SU_3)_{color} \times (U_1)_{baryon}$ symmetry. The phase functions in the usual gauge transformations are generalized to new `action integrals'. The general Yang-Mills transformations have group properties and reduce to usual gauge transformations in special cases. Both quarks and `gauge bosons' are permanently confined by linear potentials. In this unified model of particle-cosmology, physics in the largest cosmos and that in the smallest quark system appear to both be dictated by the general Yang-Mills symmetry and characterized by a universal length. The basic force between two baryons is independent of distance. However, the cosmic repulsive force exerted on a baryonic supernova by a uniform sphere of galaxies is proportional to the distance from the center of the sphere. The new general Yang-Mills field may give a field-theoretic explanation of the accelerated cosmic expansion. The prediction could be tested experimentally by measuring the frequency shifts of supernovae at different distances.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2018

Yang-Mills Gravity in Flat Space-Time, I. Classical Gravity with Translation Gauge Symmetry

We formulate and explore the physical implications of a new translation gauge theory of gravity in flat space-time with a new Yang-Mills action, which involves quadratic gauge curvature and fermions. The theory shows that the presence of an "effective Riemann metric tensor" for the motions of classical particles and light rays is probably the manifestation of the translation gauge symmetry. In the post-Newtonian approximation of the tensor gauge field produced by the energy-momentum tensor, the results are shown to be consistent with classical tests of gravity and with the quadrupole radiations of binary pulsars.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2017

Confining Quark Model with General Yang-Mills Symmetry and Inadequate Faddeev-Popov Ghost

A quark model with general Yang-Mills $SU_3$ symmetry leads to fourth-order field equations and linear confining potential. The confining gauge bosons (`confions') are treated as off-mass-shell particles and their indefinite energies are unobservable due to confinement. The ultraviolet divergence of the model appears to be no worse than that of QCD by power counting. Explicit calculations of the confion self-energy show that the usual Faddeev-Popov ghosts are inadequate to restore gauge symmetry for gauge invariant Lagrangians with higher order derivatives. `Computer experiments' with FeynCalc lead to a simple empirical method to restore the gauge invariance of the second-order confion self-energy with arbitrary gauge parameters. The approximate results of third-order vertex corrections suggest that the confining model could be asymptotically free.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2016

Neutrino Oscillation, Finite Self-Mass and General Yang-Mills Symmetry

The conservation of lepton number is assumed to be associated with a general Yang-Mills symmetry. New transformations involve (Lorentz) vector gauge functions and characteristic phase functions, and they form a group. General Yang-Mills fields are associated with new fourth-order equations and linear potentials. Lepton self-masses turn out to be finite and proportional to the inverse of lepton masses, which implies that neutrinos should have non-zero masses. Thus, general Yang-Mills symmetry could provide an understanding of neutrino oscillations and suggests that neutrinos with masses and very weak leptonic force may play a role in dark matter.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

A confining quark model and new gauge symmetry

We discuss a confining model for quark-antiquark system with a new color $SU_3$ gauge symmetry. New gauge transformations involve non-integrable phase factors and lead to the fourth-order gauge field equations and a linear potential. The massless gauge bosons have non-definite energies, which are not observable because they are permanently confined in quark systems by the linear potential. We use the empirical potentials of charmonium to determine the coupling strength of the color charge $g_s$ and find $g_s^2/(4π) \approx 0.2.$ We discuss Feynman-Dyson rules for the confining quark model, which involve propagators with poles of order 2 associated with new gauge fields. The confining quark model may be renormalizable by power counting and compatible with perturbation theory.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2014

A Confining Model for Charmonium and New Gauge Invariant Field Equations

We discuss a confining model for charmonium in which the attractive force are derived from a new type of gauge field equation with a generalized $SU_3$ gauge symmetry. The new gauge transformations involve non-integrable phase factors with vector gauge functions $\om^a_μ(x)$. These transformations reduce to the usual $SU_3$ gauge transformations in the special case $\om^a_μ(x) = \p_μξ^a(x)$. Such a generalized gauge symmetry leads to the fourth-order equations for new gauge fields and to the linear confining potentials. The fourth-order field equation implies that the corresponding massless gauge boson has non-definite energy. However, the new gauge boson is permanently confined in a quark system by the linear potential. We use the empirical potentials of the Cornell group for charmonium to obtain the coupling strength $f^2/(4π) \approx 0.19$ for the strong interaction. Such a confining model of quark dynamics could be compatible with perturbation. The model can be applied to other quark-antiquark systems.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2014

A Generalization of Gauge Symmetry, Fourth-Order Gauge Field Equations and Accelerated Cosmic-Expansion

A generalization of the usual gauge symmetry leads to fourth-order gauge field equations, which imply a new constant force independent of distances. The force associated with the new $U_1$ gauge symmetry is repulsive among baryons. Such a constant force based on baryon charge conservation gives a field-theoretic understanding of the accelerated cosmic-expansion in the observable portion of the universe dominated by baryon galaxies. In consistent with all conservation laws and known forces, a simple rotating `dumbbell model' of the universe is briefly discussed.

hep-th↗

arXiv2014

Thim's Experiment and Exact Rotational Space-Time Transformations

Thim measured the transverse Doppler shift using a system consisting of a stationary antenna and pickup, in addition to a number of intermediate antennas mounted on the rim of a rotating disk. No such shift was detected, although the experiment should have had enough sensitivity to measure it, as predicted by the Lorentz transformations. However, using the Lorentz transformations to analyze the results of experiments involving circular motion, while commonly done, is inappropriate because such an analysis involves non-inertial frames, which are outside the range of validity of special relativity. In this paper, we re-analyze Thim's experiment using exact rotational space-time transformations, finding that his null result is consistent with theoretical predictions.

gr-qc↗