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S. Pietri

Publications and source records attributed to S. Pietri.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

FAIR Commissioning - Towards First Science

The international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is under construction at the GSI Helmholtz Centre in Darmstadt. The first project stage includes the superconducting 100 Tm heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100, the Super Fragment Separator, and associated beam transport lines. Part of GSI's existing accelerator chain, comprising UNILAC and SIS18, will serve as injector. Installation work in the FAIR accelerator tunnels and supply buildings has been ongoing since early 2024. As progress continues, special attention is now on the start of commissioning, beginning in 2025 with the cryogenic plant. Commissioning of the transport line will follow at the end of 2025, and beam commissioning is scheduled for the second half of 2027. This paper outlines the current status of the project, commissioning strategy and timeline.

physics.acc-ph

Excitation Spectra of the ${}^{12}{\rm C}(p,d)$ Reaction near the $\eta'$-Meson Emission Threshold Measured in Coincidence with High-Momentum Protons

The missing mass of the ${}^{12}{\rm C}(p,d)$ reaction has been measured near the $\eta'$-meson emission threshold in coincidence with a high-momentum proton to selectively collect $\eta'$-${}^{11}{\rm C}$ mesic nucleus formation events at GSI, Germany. A 2.5 GeV proton excites a carbon nucleus to form an $\eta'$-mesic nucleus emitting a deuteron forward with an energy of $\sim 1.6$ GeV. The deuteron is momentum-analyzed by the Fragment Separator used as a high-resolution spectrometer to deduce the excitation energy of the residual system. The large-acceptance detector WASA surrounding the target identifies high-momentum protons emitted in the decay of the $\eta'$-mesic nucleus. The measured semi-exclusive spectrum exhibits structures below the threshold though the statistical significance is limited. The spectrum is fitted by theoretically calculated spectra varying optical-potential parameters of the $\eta'$-nucleus interaction. The analysis results indicate $\eta'$-mesic nuclei formation for the real potential depth of $\sim -61$ MeV with a local statistical significance of $3.5 \sigma$ and, taking into account the look-elsewhere effect, a global significance of $2.1 \sigma$.

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Observation of Tensor-Driven High-Momentum Neutrons in ${}^{16}$O via ($p,d$) Reactions and Zero-Degree Deuteron Momentum Spectroscopy

The $^{16}\mathrm{O}(p,d)^{15}\mathrm{O}$ reaction has been studied at $0^{\circ}$ using 403-, 604-, 907- and 1209-MeV protons, comparing cross sections populating positive- and negative-parity states in $^{15}\mathrm{O}$. Transitions to positive-parity states exhibit strong sensitivity to high-momentum neutrons, while negative-parity transitions show much smaller effects. The cross-section ratio between positive- and negative-parity states rises sharply with momentum transfer, matching theoretical predictions that include tensor interactions, particularly the peak near $2~\mathrm{fm}^{-1}$ for the $5/2^{+}$ to ground-state ratio. These results highlight $0^{\circ}$ neutron-pickup reactions as a sensitive probe for tensor-driven high-momentum components, paving the way for studies in exotic nuclei via radioactive beams.

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Performance of newly constructed plastic scintillator barrel in the WASA-FRS experiments and evaluation of radiation damage effects on multi-pixel photon counter

A barrel-shaped plastic scintillation counter with Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) readout has been developed and operated in the first WASA-FRS experimental campaign at GSI. The detector was used to measure charged particles emitted from reactions induced by a 2.5 GeV proton beam incident on a carbon target, providing particle identification in combination with momentum reconstruction in a 1 T magnetic field. The performance of this detector, particularly its response to energy deposition and time resolution, was systematically investigated as a function of count rate and total number of irradiating protons. A time resolution of 45-75 ps ($\sigma$), depending on the energy deposition, was achieved. Stable performance was maintained under high-rate conditions up to 1.35 MHz per single counter, with no significant degradation in either signal amplitude or timing response. Radiation-induced damage to the MPPCs was observed primarily as a reduction in signal amplitude, with approximately $35\%$ decrease at an estimated 1 MeV neutron-equivalent fluence of $2.4 \times 10^{10}$ cm$^{-2}$.

physics.ins-det

Charge Pickup Reaction Cross Section for Neutron-Rich p-Shell Isotopes at 900A MeV

We report charge pickup reaction cross sections for 24 \textit{p}-shell isotopes, including $^{8,9}$Li, $^{10-12}$Be, $^{10,13-15}$B, $^{12,14-19}$C and $^{14,15,17-22}$N, measured at relativistic energies (approximately 900$A$ MeV) on both hydrogen and carbon targets. For the first time, we reveal a universal rapid increase in the charge pickup cross sections of unstable projectiles with isospin asymmetry along several isotopic chains. The cross sections can be decoupled into distinct contributions from the mass number and isospin asymmetry of the projectile, highlighting the critical role of the latter, and can be formulated empirically.

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Shape evolution in even-mass $^{98-104}$Zr isotopes via lifetime measurements using the $\gamma\gamma$-coincidence technique

The Zirconium (Z = 40) isotopic chain has attracted interest for more than four decades. The abrupt lowering of the energy of the first $2^+$ state and the increase in the transition strength B(E2; $2_1^\rightarrow 0_1^+$ going from $^{98}$Zr to $^{100}$Zr has been the first example of "quantum phase transition" in nuclear shapes, which has few equivalents in the nuclear chart. Although a multitude of experiments have been performed to measure nuclear properties related to nuclear shapes and collectivity in the region, none of the measured lifetimes were obtained using the Recoil Distance Doppler Shift method in the $\gamma\gamma$-coincidence mode where a gate on the direct feeding transition of the state of interest allows a strict control of systematical errors. This work reports the results of lifetime measurements for the first yrast excited states in $^{98-104}$Zr carried out to extract reduced transition probabilities. The new lifetime values in $\gamma\gamma$-coincidence and $\gamma$-single mode are compared with the results of former experiments. Recent predictions of the Interacting Boson Model with Configuration Mixing, the Symmetry Conserving Configuration Mixing model based on the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach and the Monte Carlo Shell Model are presented and compared with the experimental data.

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Observation and spectroscopy of proton-unbound nucleus $^{21}$Al

We report on the observation of previously-unknown isotope $^{21}$Al, the first unbound aluminum isotope located beyond the proton dripline. The $^{21}$Al nucleus decays by one-proton (1p) emission, and its in-flight decays were detected by tracking trajectories of all decay products with micro-strip silicon detectors. The 1p-emission processes were studied by analyses of the measured angular correlations of decay products $^{20}$Mg+p. The 1p-decay energies of ground and low-lying excited states of $^{21}$Al, its mass excess and proton separation energy value $S_p$=$-1.1(1)$ MeV were determined.

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A new approach for deducing rms proton radii from charge-changing reactions of neutron-rich nuclei and the reaction-target dependence

We report the charge-changing cross sections ($\sigma_{\text{cc}}$) of 24 $p$-shell nuclides on both hydrogen and carbon at about 900$A$ MeV, of which $^{8,9}$Li, $^{10\textendash12}$Be, $^{10,14,15}$B, $^{14,15,17\textendash22}$N and $^{16}$O on hydrogen and $^{8,9}$Li on carbon are for the first time. Benefiting from the data set,we found a new and robust relationship between the scaling factor of the Glauber model calculations and the separation energies of the nuclei of interest on both targets.This allows us to deduce proton radii ($R_p$) for the first time from the cross sections on hydrogen. Nearly identical $R_p$ values are deduced from both target data for the neutron-rich carbon isotopes, however, the $R_p$ from the hydrogen target is systematically smaller in the neutron-rich nitrogen isotopes.This calls for further experimental and theoretical investigations.

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Increasing the rate capability for the cryogenic stopping cell of the FRS Ion Catcher

At the FRS Ion Catcher (FRS-IC), projectile and fission fragments are produced at relativistic energies, separated in-flight, energy-bunched, slowed down, and thermalized in the ultra-pure helium gas-filled cryogenic stopping cell (CSC). Thermalized nuclei are extracted from the CSC using a combination of DC and RF electric fields and gas flow. This CSC also serves as the prototype CSC for the Super-FRS, where exotic nuclei will be produced at unprecedented rates making it possible to go towards the extremes of the nuclear chart. Therefore, it is essential to efficiently extract thermalized exotic nuclei from the CSC under high beam rate conditions, in order to use the rare exotic nuclei which come as cocktail beams. The extraction efficiency dependence on the intensity of the impinging beam into the CSC was studied with a primary beam of 238U and its fragments. Tests were done with two different versions of the DC electrode structure inside the cryogenic chamber, the standard 1 m long and a short 0.5 m long DC electrode. In contrast to the rate capability of 10^4 ions/s with the long DC electrode, results show no extraction efficiency loss up to the rate of 2x10^5 ions/s with the new short DC electrode. This order of magnitude increase of the rate capability paves the way for new experiments at the FRS-IC, including exotic nuclei studies with in-cell multi-nucleon transfer reactions. The results further validate the design concept of the CSC for the Super-FRS, which was developed to effectively manage beams of even higher intensities.

physics.ins-det

Comprehensive investigation of fission yields by using spallation- and (p,2p)-induced fission reactions in inverse kinematics

In the last decades, measurements of spallation, fragmentation and Coulex induced fission reactions in inverse kinematics have provided valuable data to accurately investigate the fission dynamics and nuclear structure at large deformations of a large variety of stable and non-stable heavy nuclei. To go a step further, we propose now to induce fission by the use of quasi-free (p,2p) scattering reactions in inverse kinematics, which allows us to reconstruct the excitation energy of the compound fissioning system by using the four-momenta of the two outgoing protons. Therefore, this new approach might permit to correlate the excitation energy with the charge and mass distributions of the fission fragments and with the fission probabilities, given for the first time direct access to the simultaneous measurement of the fission yield dependence on temperature and fission barrier heights of exotic heavy nuclei, respectively. The first experiment based on this methodology was realized recently at the GSI/FAIR facility and a detailed description of the experimental setup is given here.

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Proton distribution radii of $^{16-24}$O: signatures of new shell closures and neutron skin

The root mean square radii of the proton density distribution in $^{16-24}$O derived from measurements of charge changing cross sections with a carbon target at $\sim$900$A$ MeV together with the matter radii portray thick neutron skin for $^{22 - 24}$O despite $^{22,24}$O being doubly magic. Imprints of the shell closures at $N$ = 14 and 16 are reflected in local minima of their proton radii that provide evidence for the tensor interaction causing them. The radii agree with it ab initio calculations employing the chiral NNLO$_{\mathrm{sat}}$ interaction, though skin thickness predictions are challenged. Shell model predictions agree well with the data.

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Systematic study of Δ(1232) resonance excitations using single isobaric charge-exchange reactions induced by medium-mass projectiles of Sn

The fragment separator FRS has been for the first time used to measure the (n,p) and (p,n)-type isobaric charge-exchange cross sections of stable 112,124Sn isotopes accelerated at 1A GeV with an uncertainty of 3% and to separate quasi-elastic and inelastic components in the missing-energy spectra of the ejectiles. The inelastic contribution can be associated to the excitation of isobar Δ(1232) resonances and to the pion emission in s-wave, both in the target and projectile nuclei, while the quasi-elastic contribution is associated to the nuclear spin-isospin response of nucleon-hole excitations. The data lead to interesting results where we observe a clear quenching of the quasi-elastic component and their comparisons to theoretical calculations demonstrate that the baryonic resonances can be excited in the target and projectile nuclei. To go further in this investigation, we propose to study the excitation of baryonic resonances taking advantage of the combination of high-resolving power magnetic spectrometers with the WASA calorimeter. These new measurements will allow us to determine the momenta of the ejectiles and pions emitted in coincidence after the single isobaric charge-exchange collisions, providing us unique opportunities to study the evolution of the baryonic resonance dynamics with the neutron-proton asymmetry through the use of exotic radioactive ion beams.

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Mass measurements of As, Se and Br nuclei and their implication on the proton-neutron interaction strength towards the N=Z line

Mass measurements of the $^{69}$As, $^{70,71}$Se and $^{71}$Br isotopes, produced via fragmentation of a $^{124}$Xe primary beam at the FRS at GSI, have been performed with the multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS) of the FRS Ion Catcher with an unprecedented mass resolving power of almost 1,000,000. For the $^{69}$As isotope, this is the first direct mass measurement. A mass uncertainty of 22 keV was achieved with only 10 events. For the $^{70}$Se isotope, a mass uncertainty of 2.6 keV was obtained, corresponding to a relative accuracy of $δ$m/m = 4.0$\times 10^{-8}$, with less than 500 events. The masses of the $^{71}$Se and $^{71}$Br isotopes were measured with an uncertainty of 23 and 16 keV, respectively. Our results for the $^{70,71}$Se and $^{71}$Br isotopes agree with the 2016 Atomic Mass Evaluation, and our result for the $^{69}$As isotope resolves the discrepancy between previous indirect measurements. We measured also the mass of $^{14}$N$^{15}$N$^{40}$Ar (A=69) with a relative accuracy of $δ$m/m = 1.7$\times 10^{-8}$, the highest yet achieved with a MR-TOF-MS. Our results show that the measured restrengthening of the proton-neutron interaction ($δ$V$_{pn}$) for odd-odd nuclei at the N=Z line above Z=29 (recently extended to Z=37) is hardly evident at N-Z=2, and not evident at N-Z=4. Nevertheless, detailed structure of $δ$V$_{pn}$ along the N-Z=2 and N-Z=4 lines, confirmed by our mass measurements, may provide a hint regarding the ongoing $\approx$500 keV discrepancy in the mass value of the $^{70}$Br isotope, which prevents including it in the world average of ${Ft}$-value for superallowed 0$^+\rightarrow$ 0$^+$ $β$ decays. The reported work sets the stage for mass measurements with the FRS Ion Catcher of nuclei at and beyond the N=Z line in the same region of the nuclear chart, including the $^{70}$Br isotope.

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Manifestation of the Berry phase in the atomic nucleus $^{213}$Pb

The neutron-rich $^{213}$Pb isotope was produced in the fragmentation of a primary 1 GeV $A$ $^{238}$U beam, separated in FRS in mass and atomic number, and then implanted for isomer decay $γ$-ray spectroscopy with the RISING setup at GSI. A newly observed isomer and its measured decay properties indicate that states in $^{213}$Pb are characterized by the seniority quantum number that counts the nucleons not in pairs coupled to angular momentum $J=0$. The conservation of seniority is a consequence of the Berry phase associated with particle-hole conjugation, which becomes gauge invariant and therefore observable in semi-magic nuclei where nucleons half-fill the valence shell. The $γ$-ray spectroscopic observables in $^{213}$Pb are thus found to be driven by two mechanisms, particle-hole conjugation and seniority conservation, which are intertwined through the Berry phase.

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Study of $Δ$ excitations in medium-mass nuclei with peripheral heavy ion charge-exchange reactions

Isobaric single charge-exchange reactions, changing nuclear charges by one unit but leaving the mass partitions unaffected, have been for the first time investigated by peripheral collisions of $^{112}$Sn ions accelerated up to 1\textit{A} GeV at the GSI facilities. The high-resolving power of the FRS spectrometer allows us to obtain $(p, n)$-type isobaric charge-exchange cross sections with an uncertainty of $3.5\%$ and to separate quasi-elastic and inelastic components in the missing-energy spectra of the ejectiles. The inelastic component is associated to the excitation of the $Δ$(1232) isobar resonance and the emission of pions in s-wave both in the target and projectile nucleus, while the quasi-elastic contribution is associated to the nuclear spin-isospin response of nucleon-hole excitations. An apparent shift of the $Δ$-resonance peak of $\sim$63 MeV is observed when comparing the missing-energy spectra obtained from the measurements with proton and carbon targets. A detailed analysis, performed with a theoretical model for the reactions, indicates that this observation can be simply interpreted as a change in the relative magnitude between the contribution of the excitation of the resonance in the target and in the projectile.

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Towards the Limits of Existence of Nuclear Structure: Observation and First spectroscopy of the Isotope $^{31}$K by measuring its three-proton Decay

The most-remote from stability isotope $^{31}$K, which is located four atomic mass units beyond the proton drip line, has been observed. It is unbound in respect to three-proton (${3p}$) emission, and its decays have been detected in flight by measuring trajectories of all decay products using micro-strip detectors. The $3p$-emission processes have been studied by means of angular correlations $^{28}$S+3$p$ and the respective decay vertexes. The energies of the previously-unknown ground and excited states of $^{31}$K have been determined. This provides its $3p$ separation-energy value $S_{3p}$ of $-4.6(2)$ MeV. Upper half-life limits of 10 ps of the observed $^{31}$K states have been derived from distributions of the measured decay vertexes.

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High-resolution, accurate MR-TOF-MS for short-lived, exotic nuclei of few events in their ground and low-lying isomeric states

Mass measurements of fission and projectile fragments, produced via $^{238}$U and $^{124}$Xe primary beams, have been performed with the multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS) of the FRS Ion Catcher with a mass resolving powers (FWHM) up to 410,000 and an uncertainty of $6\cdot 10^{-8}$. The nuclides were produced and separated in-flight with the fragment separator FRS at 300 to 1000 MeV/u and thermalized in a cryogenic stopping cell. The data-analysis procedure was developed to determine with highest accuracy the mass values and the corresponding uncertainties for the most challenging conditions: down to a few events in a spectrum and overlapping distributions, characterized only by a broader common peak shape. With this procedure, the resolution of low-lying isomers is increased by a factor of up to three compared to standard data analysis. The ground-state masses of 31 short-lived nuclides of 15 different elements with half-lives down to 17.9~ms and count rates as low as 11 events per nuclide were determined. This is the first direct mass measurement for seven nuclides. The excitation energies and the isomer-to-ground state ratios of six isomeric states with excitation energies down to about 280~keV were measured. For nuclides with known mass values, the average relative deviation from the literature values is $(2.9 \pm 6.2) \cdot 10^{-8}$. The measured two-neutron separation energies and their slopes near and at the N=126 and Z=82 shell closures indicate a strong element-dependent binding energy of the first neutron above the closed proton shell Z=82. The experimental results deviate strongly from the theoretical predictions, especially for N=126 and N=127.

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Neutron skin and signature of the $N$ = 14 shell gap found from measured proton radii of $^{17-22}$N

A thick neutron skin emerges from the first determination of root mean square radii of the proton distributions for $^{17-22}$N from charge changing cross section measurements around 900$A$ MeV at GSI. Neutron halo effects are signaled for $^{22}$N from an increase in the proton and matter radii. The radii suggest an unconventional shell gap at $N$ = 14 arising from the attractive proton-neutron tensor interaction, in good agreement with shell model calculations. $Ab$ $initio$, in-medium similarity re-normalization group, calculations with a state-of-the-art chiral nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon interaction reproduce well the data approaching the neutron drip-line isotopes but are challenged in explaining the complete isotopic trend of the radii.

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