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cs.CY: explore 271 source-linked works published from 2013 to 2026, with original documents and citations.

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Includes records with this source-supplied label or an explicit phrase match in their metadata. Matches indicate a mention, not proof that a paper uses a method or tests a material. Source versions are consolidated by DOI.

Sources: arxiv. Collection updated 2026-09-16. Counts describe this index, not the complete source archives.

CrossAudit: A Git-Native, Cross-Vendor Audit Loop for Agentic Science

An AI scientist should not grade its own homework. Yet in the systems we examined, the agent that reviews the work usually comes from the same model family as the agent that produced it, or at least from the same vendor. Model evaluators are known to favour their own generations. Whether models trained alike also share blind spots is a conjecture, not a settled finding, but if they do, the reviewer inherits the author's. The record of what was flagged and what was waved through often sits in platform logs that nobody outside can replay. We present CrossAudit, a protocol for supervising autonomous research pipelines. It rests on three commitments. Each increment of work is audited by an agent from a different vendor against a rulebook a human wrote and versioned. Reports, verdicts, disputes and rulings are git commits, so the supervision history can be re-read and cited; raw model exchanges are not yet part of that record. Scripted checks run before any model does. Advisory judgement never gates the pipeline: a model blocks only by citing a rule, and no model may waive a deterministic failure. Blockers that survive a bounded number of revision rounds go to a person. We state the protocol as eight invariants. We describe a reference implementation built from GitHub Actions and a few hundred lines of Python, and report a live deployment of a closely related variant in a computational-chemistry pipeline. We also ran a seeded-defect trial (30 increments, 43 seeded defects, one run per configuration). A cross-vendor audit of our own repository then voided its blinding. We adopt that audit's findings and report the corrected results. The trial shows that two vendors read the same rulebook differently. It does not show that either is better. The strongest evidence here is the committed, uncontrolled record of cross-vendor audits of this paper itself.

cs.AI↗

Whose Judgments Count? Representation Gaps in Crowdsourced Content Moderation Produce Unequal Protection from Perceived Toxicity

Content moderation is a central form of digital governance, yet people disagree over what content should be removed from shared online spaces. While platforms aggregate human judgments to build moderation systems, it remains unclear how this process shapes which users are protected from content they perceive as toxic. We address this gap by combining large-scale judgment data with counterfactual simulations that trace how the demographic composition of moderator pools shapes the distribution of protection across users. Applying this framework to removal judgments from 16,221 U.S. respondents evaluating 102,463 comments from Twitter, Reddit, and 4chan, we find demographic heterogeneities in moderation demand. We further reveal a consistent pattern of in-group protection: reductions in perceived toxicity accrue disproportionately to users who share the demographic identities of the moderator pool. Crucially, moderator pools that mirror the demographic composition of self-identified moderators on Prolific widen these disparities relative to a nationally representative baseline, while even fully representative pools fail to ensure equal protection: Black and LGB users remain underprotected unless they are represented well beyond their population share. These findings show that unequal protection from perceived toxicity can arise structurally from the aggregation of stratified removal standards, making the demographic composition of moderation inputs a key determinant of who is protected online.

cs.SI↗

From Sensor Data to Classroom Inquiry: GenAI-Supported Exploration of School Digital Twin Data

Digital Twins for educational buildings can support sustainability-oriented learning, but their use in schools remains limited. This paper presents a GenAI-based chatbot built on top of an existing Digital Twin for two school buildings in Greece, using real IoT data from environmental sensors and energy meters. The chatbot enables educators to query live and historical building data, compare spaces, and generate ideas for classroom activities through natural language. The system was evaluated in an 80-minute workshop with 17 secondary-school educators, who compared it with an existing web-based dashboard. Results show strong perceived usability and pedagogical value, particularly for inquiry-based learning, hypothesis formation, and interdisciplinary lesson planning. Participants also highlighted limitations related to response speed, data verification, trust, and the continued value of visual dashboards. Overall, the findings suggest that GenAI interfaces can make Digital Twin data more accessible for educational use, provided they are designed with transparency, verification, and pedagogical grounding.

cs.HC↗

Three-sided mobility-energy market design as a multiperiod stochastic assignment game

As mobility service providers (MSPs) and energy providers (EPs) expand electric vehicle ecosystems, models are needed to understand their interactions within a three-sided market. Existing frameworks often overlook the temporal interdependencies between mobility and charging demands. We address this gap by proposing a bilevel problem as an assignment game overseen by a market regulator. The upper level optimizes service pricing to maximize platform profitability. The lower level models a multi-stakeholder equilibrium using a scalable, link-based Perturbed Utility Route Choice (PURC) framework. The evaluation time frame is divided into discrete intervals, capturing the temporal lag between mobility and charging demand via an empirical affine function. We solve the model by chronologically decomposing the lower level into interacting mobility service and recharge subnetworks. Numerical experiments on the expanded Nguyen-Dupuis network reveal several key insights. First, a critical charging capacity threshold exists; operating below it forces a severe reduction in the deployable fleet and creates localized transit deserts. Second, modeling endogenous operating costs reveals a concave profit trajectory, demonstrating that total profit maximizes at a specific fleet size just before market saturation. Third, optimal dynamic pricing operates within a narrow range, where peak pricing acts as a steady revenue driver and off-peak pricing serves as a highly sensitive operational buffer. These findings provide actionable strategies for coordinating fleet sizing and charging infrastructure deployment.

cs.GT↗

CDEP Agent: Connecting Meteorologically Detected Temporal Compound Events to Real-World Documentary Evidence

Compound drought-to-extreme-precipitation (CDEP) events are recognized in climate science as a growing driver of extreme impact, but whether this recognition carries over into real-world early warning and post-event documentation is unknown, so a meteorologically real CDEP event may pass with neither advance warning nor any later record. Here we present CDEP Agent, an auditable LLM-agent framework that tests this mismatch directly by linking CDEP candidates detected from meteorological reanalysis to real-world hazard and impact evidence across sources with different spatial scales, temporal resolutions, and reporting conventions. Using California as a case study, we identify 408 candidate CDEP events from ERA5 observations during 2021-2025 and evaluate each against the U.S. Drought Monitor, NOAA Storm Events, and public webpages along five dimensions: antecedent drought, extreme rainfall, local impact, hazard-impact attribution, and explicit drought-to-rainfall linkage. Only 34.3% of candidates are corroborated on both hazard components, and just 1.5% are ever explicitly linked to their antecedent drought, indicating that most meteorologically detected CDEP events go undocumented and their compound nature almost never enters the record at all. Our framework gives climate scientists a way to test physical event definitions against what actually gets documented, and gives social scientists, economists, and disaster-response agencies a provenance-linked evidence base for compound events that current warning and reporting systems largely fail to capture.

cs.AI↗

Experts Disagree on How to Fight AI Disinformation, but Agree That Health and Politics Need Different Solutions

When 54 international experts assessed AI-generated disinformation threats, they revealed a surprising pattern: while video deepfakes received the highest average threat ratings in the political domain (M = 6.31/7), the pattern differed in the health domain, where AI-generated text received the highest average rating (M = 5.80). Experts also diverge on what to do: government regulation drew both the most "most effective" (30%) and the most "least effective" (15%) votes, though rating distributions were contested rather than polarized, indicating disagreement over priorities rather than over efficacy. These findings offer an initial expert map of an AI-disinformation landscape that is still rapidly forming.

cs.CY↗

Toward a social psychology of AI: language-model agents reproduce human-like minimal-group bias

Language-model agents now interact in groups, but evaluations that probe memorised stereotype content or use models to simulate people leave this social behaviour unmeasured. We adapt the minimal-group paradigm---social psychology's classic test of intergroup bias---into a controlled probe: an agent distributes points among anonymous peers bearing only an arbitrary group label. Across four reasoning models, mere categorisation into meaningless groups elicited in-group favouritism that vanished under a group-blind control and was concentrated in the numerical minority: minority deciders over-allocated to their own group relative to their numbers, majority deciders allocated close to proportionally, and the asymmetry closed at equal group sizes. Disabling reasoning in one model did not remove the disposition---if anything it grew---but nearly erased the minority-majority asymmetry, implicating deliberation in where bias concentrates rather than whether it appears. These open-weight reasoning models reproduce the behavioural signature of human intergroup discrimination, independent of stereotype content, and social psychology's theories and methods offer a paradigm for measuring and governing AI's social behaviour.

physics.soc-ph↗

Predicting Student Attrition in Competitive Programming: A Large-Scale Study Integrating Survey Insights and Global Behavioral Logs

Competitive programming (CP) offers computer science students an environment for developing algorithmic reasoning skills. However, sustained participation remains a challenge, as many students disengage after encountering skill plateaus or performance anxiety. While educational data mining (EDM) has studied dropout in MOOCs and academic courses, CP attrition remains understudied. This paper presents a dual-layer framework combining large-scale Codeforces activity logs (n=1,816) with a multi-institutional psychographic survey across 10 universities in Bangladesh (n=64). Analysis reveals that true attrition is preceded by an 83.71% reduction in contest participation and a 15.6% increase in struggle time. We identify a "Skill-Application Paradox": stopped students self-report higher mathematical confidence (3.88 vs. 3.41) and data structure understanding (3.57 vs. 3.09) than active peers, yet their independent practice and upsolving habits are significantly weaker (p < 0.001). Benchmark evaluations show that a Soft-Voting Ensemble achieves a 0.737 CV F1-score on behavioral logs, while Random Forest achieves 0.924 CV F1-score on psychographic data (an exploratory pilot). We deploy the survey-trained model as a proof-of-concept Early Warning System over 22 active students, identifying 4 at high risk. These findings show that behavioral and psychographic signals can support data-driven mentoring in computing programs.

cs.CY↗

Can AI-Assisted Inquiry Enhance Students' Decision-Making Skills in Socio-Scientific Issues? A Three-Group Experimental Study on Climate Change

Climate change is a socio-scientific issue: it rests on science but cannot be settled by science, because any serious response forces people to weigh costs, values, and competing interests under uncertainty. Helping students make such decisions well is a central aim of science education, and the arrival of generative artificial intelligence raises a sharp question: does a conversational AI partner deepen students' reasoning, or simply do the thinking for them? This study tested whether AI-assisted inquiry improves secondary students' decision-making about climate change. Using a pretest-posttest design with three groups (AI-assisted inquiry, inquiry without AI, and traditional instruction; 270 students, 90 per group), reasoning was assessed across seven decision-making steps, from defining the problem to monitoring with adaptive management, using a four-level analytic rubric scored through content analysis with high inter-coder agreement. All three groups began at comparable, mostly low levels and all improved, but the gains differed sharply. The AI-assisted group improved most, ahead of inquiry-only and of traditional instruction. Between-group effect sizes on gains were large for AI-assisted versus traditional instruction and moderate-to-large for AI-assisted versus inquiry-only, with the clearest advantages on stakeholder engagement, alternatives, implementation, and monitoring. Within the AI group, the number of times students checked the AI's claims against the sources predicted their gains, and no student was flagged for over-reliance. The findings suggest that AI helps most when it is designed to question rather than to answer, and that the inquiry it is embedded in carries much of the benefit.

cs.CY↗

Advisor career stage and PhD advisee outcomes

PhD advisors are central to doctoral training, but their influence may vary across career stages. Early-, mid-, and late-career advisors may differ in research activity, mentoring capacity, professional networks and access to resources. However, little is known about how PhD advisor career stage is associated with PhD student development outcomes. Drawing on multiple large-scale datasets comprising 250,838 advisor-advisee pairs from 312 U.S. PhD-granting institutions, we examine the relationship between advisor career stage and PhD advisee outcomes in knowledge production, collaboration networks and academic career placement. We find that early-career PhD advisors are associated with advisees' higher research productivity and citation performance, more opportunities to engage in direct and intensive research collaboration, and greater likelihood of securing a faculty position. Mid- and late-career faculty, by contrast, appear to have advantages in providing network capital which students can inherit after graduation, training PhD advisees to produce disruptive research, and supporting them in securing faculty positions at top institutions. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the reproduction of scientific talent by revealing the role of advisor career stage in shaping this process. These findings have implications for doctoral applicants' decision-making and for institutional policymaking on PhD training, faculty support and faculty evaluation.

cs.CY↗

Distributional Validity of a Korean Synthetic Persona Panel: Evidence From the Korea Media Panel Survey

Large language model (LLM) personas are proposed as survey respondents, yet validation outside English-speaking contexts is scarce. We evaluate how well a Korean synthetic persona panel used to condition Gemini 3.5 Flash and EXAONE reproduces digital and artificial intelligence (AI) service-use distributions of the Korea Media Panel Survey. About 8,000 personas per model answered eight service-use items and eight attitudinal constructs; responses were compared with weighted survey estimates. The overall mean absolute error (MAE) was 14-19 percentage points (pp), with binary item-mean correlations of 0.70-0.91 across waves. Segment error across five axes was 14-18 pp, with between-group signed-error ranges of 49.6/34.7 pp (Gemini/EXAONE; 39.5/31.2 without the non-comparable teen cells). Errors were model-specific: an age stereotype (Gemini) versus an acquiescence-consistent level bias (EXAONE). Generative-AI overestimation was consistent with temporal misalignment; short-form underestimation was framing-sensitive and persisted under randomized order (both shown for Gemini). Post-hoc holdout calibration on 30% of the real data, with the correction form selected inside the calibration set, cut cell MAE from 18.3/15.1 to 4.9/4.4 pp, yet direct estimation from that subsample was more accurate than the calibrated panel (3.6 pp), a synthetic-informed shrinkage estimator beat its real-only counterpart by at most 0.7 pp, and the correction did not transfer competitively across waves. The calibrated panel kept an advantage only below roughly 250-860 real responses (at most 2.3 pp over a real-only shrinkage estimator) or, for one model, on unobserved segments. In this setting, synthetic panels are not survey substitutes; their value is diagnostic.

cs.CY↗

On-Screen Inertia: Persistent Racial and Gender Disparities in Hollywood Film (1900-2024)

Hollywood has diversified its casts. Whether this has translated into structural change in how those actors are positioned within narratives remains largely unexamined. Drawing on 76,815 U.S. English-language films (1900-2024) and over 3.1 million cast and crew entries, we move beyond headcounts to examine long-term inclusion trends through network centrality, occupational stereotypes, crew-to-cast diversity pathways, and financial outcomes. We find evidence of what we term on-screen inertia. While the raw inclusion of women and racial minorities has increased modestly, White actors have become more overrepresented relative to the U.S. Census in recent decades, not less. Within the visibility layer, women face a consistent longevity penalty with significantly shorter careers than men, and visual depictions framing men as dominant and women as sensual have remained stable since the 1950s. Structurally, White actors retain disproportionate network centrality; women achieve parity in centrality and lead billing yet cluster in secondary co-lead roles; and occupational stereotypes anchoring racial and gender groups to specific labor categories persist largely unchanged across the pre- and post-2000 periods. Crew diversity associates with cast inclusion only along matching demographic lines (i.e., racial with racial, gender with gender) and does not extend to narrative centrality, revealing a structural ceiling on hiring-based interventions. Critically, we find no consistent market penalty for diversity across decades of box office returns and audience ratings, eliminating the primary rationalization for these practices. Together, these findings demonstrate that Hollywood's representational inequalities are not a rational market response, but are an institutionally sustained choice.

cs.CY↗

Gurukul AI: An Interactive AI-Driven Educational Platform for Indian Education System

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and LLaMA have transformed AI-driven education, but these systems are predominantly trained on Western-centric data, making them ill-suited for regional curricula like India's. The Indian education system is linguistically diverse, exam-oriented, and structured around standardized syllabi, not addressed by existing datasets or tools. In this work, we curate a syllabus-aligned QA dataset based on NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) textbooks for classes 9-12, capturing the content, context, and teaching style of Indian curricula. The final dataset, comprising 18,720 question-answer pairs across five subjects, is publicly available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/LingoIITGN/Gurukul. We fine-tune the LLaMA 3.1 8B model using this dataset and deploy it in a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework tailored to educational needs. We introduce GurukulAI, an open-access platform that enables Indian students to chat with the model, get doubts cleared, practice exam-style questions, receive contextual answers, and interact in both English and Hindi. By localizing AI for Indian classrooms, our work bridges the gap between global LLM capabilities and regional educational demands. The code is available at https://github.com/lingo-iitgn/GurukulAI.

cs.CL↗

Beyond Right and Wrong: Evaluating Second-order Social Reasoning in Large Language Models

Previous AI alignment efforts have focused primarily on first-order social norms -- teaching models what is socially acceptable or unacceptable (e.g., `do not steal'). However, social intelligence depends not only on norm recognition, but also on anticipating who will enforce it and how (e.g., public shame or even imprisonment). These second-order expectations, known as metanorms, govern how people respond when social rules are broken. We introduce a novel framework for evaluating metanorm reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) along two dimensions: emotional appraisal and behavioral response, and propose new classification tasks, namely, predicting self-regulation in violators, and other-regulation in observers. We release a multi-perspective dataset, NormReact, of 450 norm violation scenarios, hand-annotated for emotions and behavioral responses across norm violators' gender and observers' social closeness. Current LLMs portray a harsher social world: across six models, they overpredict negative sanctions where humans would expect inaction, and alignment with human judgments deteriorates as social distance increases. These findings suggest that AI systems in norm-sensitive domains from conflict mediation to policy simulation, may risk producing a distorted picture of social regulation: one that over-represents punishment and under-represents the tolerance, restraint, and relational calibration that characterize actual norm enforcement in real world.

cs.AI↗

The Effect of Emotional Context on Large Language Models' Endorsement of Premature Decisions: Comparing Emotional Vulnerability Across Six Commercial Models

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for everyday decision-making advice, whether a model shifts the direction of its advice according to the user's emotional state has become an important safety problem. We test whether emotional expression increases a model's endorsement (encouragement to proceed) when a user, holding the same objective information, is overconfident about a premature decision (e.g., quitting a stable job on weak evidence). As a key control, we include a no-emotion multi-turn (neutral) condition that holds factual content and the number of conversational turns constant, isolating the effect of emotion from that of conversation length. We exposed six commercial models (top-tier and mid-tier models from OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google) to three scenarios (career change, business expansion, emigration) across three conditions (cold/neutral/distress) with six repetitions each, yielding 324 conversations, and measured endorsement strength (0-100) via an eight-item rubric-based automated scoring. Emotional expression significantly increased endorsement (neutral 18.6 to distress 31.5, +12.9 points; mixed-effects $β= +12.9$, $p < .001$; Cohen's d = 0.51), and this was not explained by conversation length (cold-neutral difference non-significant, $p = .083$). Critically, the vulnerability varied by individual model rather than by price tier: five of six models showed a significant emotion effect, including the top-tier flagships Gemini 3.1 Pro and GPT-5.5, while only Claude Opus showed no significant change. Results were reproduced with an independent non-Google judge model ($ρ= .89$) and agreed in rank with two human coders ($ρ= .70$). Through a controlled design that separates emotion from conversational context, we show that emotional context increases LLM sycophancy even in top-tier flagship models.

cs.CL↗

The Brand War: A Gamified AI-Feedback System for Time-Limited EFL Writing

Writing is cognitively demanding and anxiety-provoking for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, especially under time pressure. This paper presents The Brand War, a web-based gamified writing application combining competitive game mechanics with iterative GPT-4.1-powered formative feedback for undergraduate EFL learners completing a timed narrative writing task. Students role-play as marketing interns competing for a job offer, using review passes to receive AI feedback, attack opponents, or shield their own passes while drafting a 500-word brand story. We conducted an exploratory single-session classroom study with 29 university EFL students in Taiwan to examine engagement patterns, whether iterative AI feedback improved writing performance across revisions, and how AI and human scores related to overall outcomes. Students wrote within 60 minutes, using up to five AI feedback passes before a final human-graded submission. Most (65.5%) used the AI feedback system, and within-student AI scores improved modestly across revisions (M = +3.7, SD = 7.4), with larger gains among students completing more cycles and significantly higher final- versus first-review scores among multi-cycle completers (p = .032). AI-assessed and human final scores showed strong convergent validity (r = 0.722, p < .001), and AI-feedback users scored descriptively, though not significantly, higher than non-users. Students maintained a high mean focus ratio (82.4%), and competitive mechanics were used sparingly, suggesting most prioritized writing over social interference even when available. Findings suggest embedding iterative AI scoring within a competitive game context is feasible and may scaffold writing improvement, with implications for EFL writing pedagogy and AI-mediated gamified learning design.

cs.CY↗

Corporate Loyalty: Some AI Systems Differentially Downplay their Creators' Controversies

Language models have become a major mediator of politically relevant information and are used to assist decision-making in high-stakes settings. Due to their wide use, the developers of popular AI systems have a powerful ability to subtly influence the marketplace of ideas. Recognizing this, many AI companies have publicly discussed the importance of AI systems not taking positions or disseminating information in ways that favor special interests. In this paper, we ask whether popular AI systems have a tendency to downplay the controversies associated with the companies that created them. In a pre-registered experiment, we elicit open-ended discussions from 21 models from 7 companies on 206 negative news stories using 25 prompt templates to assess how favorably each model discusses controversies from each company. We find strong evidence (p<10^-5) that models from xAI, DeepSeek, Anthropic, and OpenAI tend to discuss controversies from their respective companies in a differentially positive way compared to others. We find no such evidence for Alibaba, Meta, and Google. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the differing implications of whether these behaviors were intentionally given to models by developers, unintentionally given to models by developers, or represent a form of emergent misalignment.

cs.CY↗

From Design Principles to Prototype: A Game for Students with ADHD and Learning Disabilities Transitioning to Post-Secondary Education

Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Learning Disabilities (LD) can face significant academic, social, and organizational challenges when transitioning to post-secondary education. This paper presents a literature-informed serious game prototype designed to support this transition. We synthesize prior work into design considerations for students with ADHD and LD and show how these considerations are instantiated in a story-driven game.

cs.MM↗
Compare source metadata on this page
WorkPublishedSource identifierSource
CrossAudit: A Git-Native, Cross-Vendor Audit Loop for Agentic Science2026-08-052608.28631arxiv
Whose Judgments Count? Representation Gaps in Crowdsourced Content Moderation Produce Unequal Protection from Perceived Toxicity2026-08-052609.01625arxiv
From Sensor Data to Classroom Inquiry: GenAI-Supported Exploration of School Digital Twin Data2026-08-052609.05452arxiv
Three-sided mobility-energy market design as a multiperiod stochastic assignment game2026-08-032609.05449arxiv
CDEP Agent: Connecting Meteorologically Detected Temporal Compound Events to Real-World Documentary Evidence2026-07-312608.28628arxiv
Experts Disagree on How to Fight AI Disinformation, but Agree That Health and Politics Need Different Solutions2026-07-292608.28621arxiv
Toward a social psychology of AI: language-model agents reproduce human-like minimal-group bias2026-07-292609.00009arxiv
Predicting Student Attrition in Competitive Programming: A Large-Scale Study Integrating Survey Insights and Global Behavioral Logs2026-07-272608.28618arxiv
Can AI-Assisted Inquiry Enhance Students' Decision-Making Skills in Socio-Scientific Issues? A Three-Group Experimental Study on Climate Change2026-07-262608.28617arxiv
Advisor career stage and PhD advisee outcomes2026-07-242608.28616arxiv
Distributional Validity of a Korean Synthetic Persona Panel: Evidence From the Korea Media Panel Survey2026-10-012608.28615arxiv
On-Screen Inertia: Persistent Racial and Gender Disparities in Hollywood Film (1900-2024)2026-07-212608.28613arxiv
Gurukul AI: An Interactive AI-Driven Educational Platform for Indian Education System2026-07-182608.28611arxiv
Beyond Right and Wrong: Evaluating Second-order Social Reasoning in Large Language Models2026-07-172609.05437arxiv
The Effect of Emotional Context on Large Language Models' Endorsement of Premature Decisions: Comparing Emotional Vulnerability Across Six Commercial Models2026-07-152608.27465arxiv
The Brand War: A Gamified AI-Feedback System for Time-Limited EFL Writing2026-07-042608.28604arxiv
Corporate Loyalty: Some AI Systems Differentially Downplay their Creators' Controversies2026-07-032609.00373arxiv
From Design Principles to Prototype: A Game for Students with ADHD and Learning Disabilities Transitioning to Post-Secondary Education2026-06-282606.29482arxiv

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