Quantum-Ready Microwave Detection with Scalable Graphene Bolometers in the Strong Localization Regime

Yu-Cheng Chang; Federico Chianese; Naveen Shetty; Johanna Huhtasaari; Aditya Jayaraman; Joonas T. Peltonen; Samuel Lara-Avila; Bayan Karimi; Andrey Danilov; Jukka P. Pekola; Sergey Kubatkin

arXiv · 2505.24564

Quantum-Ready Microwave Detection with Scalable Graphene Bolometers in the Strong Localization Regime

Yu-Cheng Chang·Federico Chianese·Naveen Shetty·Johanna Huhtasaari·Aditya Jayaraman·Joonas T. Peltonen·Samuel Lara-Avila·Bayan Karimi·Andrey Danilov·Jukka P. Pekola·Sergey Kubatkin

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Abstract

Exploiting quantum interference of charge carriers, epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide emerges as a game-changing platform for ultra-sensitive bolometric sensing, featuring an intrinsic resistive thermometer response unmatched by any other graphene variant. By achieving low and uniform carrier densities, we have accessed a new regime of strong charge localization that dramatically reduces thermal conductance, significantly enhancing bolometer performance. Here we present scalable graphene-based bolometers engineered for detecting GHz-range photons, a frequency domain essential for superconducting quantum processors. Our devices deliver a state-of-the-art noise equivalent power of 40 zW$/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$ at $T=40~$mK, enabled by the steep temperature dependence of thermal conductance, $G_{\rm th}\sim T^4$ for $T<100~$mK. These results establish epitaxial graphene bolometers as versatile and low-back-action detectors, unlocking new possibilities for next-generation quantum processors and pioneering investigations into the thermodynamics and thermalization pathways of strongly entangled quantum systems.

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Yu-Cheng Chang, Federico Chianese, Naveen Shetty, Johanna Huhtasaari, Aditya Jayaraman, Joonas T. Peltonen, Samuel Lara-Avila, Bayan Karimi, Andrey Danilov, Jukka P. Pekola, Sergey Kubatkin. 2025-05-30. Quantum-Ready Microwave Detection with Scalable Graphene Bolometers in the Strong Localization Regime. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24564

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