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arXiv · 2510.24560

XRISM constraints on unidentified X-ray emission lines, including the 3.5 keV line, in the stacked spectrum of ten galaxy clusters

XRISM Collaboration·Marc Audard·Hisamitsu Awaki·Ralf Ballhausen·Aya Bamba·Ehud Behar·Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin·Laura Brenneman·Gregory V. Brown·Lia Corrales·Elisa Costantini·Renata Cumbee·Maria Diaz Trigo·Chris Done·Tadayasu Dotani·Ken Ebisawa·Megan E. Eckart·Dominique Eckert·Satoshi Eguchi·Teruaki Enoto·Yuichiro Ezoe·Adam Foster·Ryuichi Fujimoto·Yutaka Fujita·Yasushi Fukazawa·Kotaro Fukushima·Akihiro Furuzawa·Luigi Gallo·Javier A. García·Liyi Gu·Matteo Guainazzi·Kouichi Hagino·Kenji Hamaguchi·Isamu Hatsukade·Katsuhiro Hayashi·Takayuki Hayashi·Natalie Hell·Edmund Hodges-Kluck·Ann Hornschemeier·Yuto Ichinohe·Daiki Ishi·Manabu Ishida·Kumi Ishikawa·Yoshitaka Ishisaki·Jelle Kaastra·Timothy Kallman·Erin Kara·Satoru Katsuda·Yoshiaki Kanemaru·Richard Kelley·Caroline Kilbourne·Shunji Kitamoto·Shogo Kobayashi·Takayoshi Kohmura·Aya Kubota·Maurice Leutenegger·Michael Loewenstein·Yoshitomo Maeda·Maxim Markevitch·Hironori Matsumoto·Kyoko Matsushita·Dan McCammon·Brian McNamara·François Mernier·Eric D. Miller·Jon M. Miller·Ikuyuki Mitsuishi·Misaki Mizumoto·Tsunefumi Mizuno·Koji Mori·Koji Mukai·Hiroshi Murakami·Richard Mushotzky·Hiroshi Nakajima·Kazuhiro Nakazawa·Jan-Uwe Ness·Kumiko Nobukawa·Masayoshi Nobukawa·Hirofumi Noda·Hirokazu Odaka·Shoji Ogawa·Anna Ogorzałek·Takashi Okajima·Naomi Ota·Stephane Paltani·Robert Petre·Paul Plucinsky·Frederick S. Porter·Katja Pottschmidt·Kosuke Sato·Toshiki Sato·Makoto Sawada·Hiromi Seta·Megumi Shidatsu·Aurora Simionescu·Randall Smith·Hiromasa Suzuki·Andrew Szymkowiak·Hiromitsu Takahashi·Mai Takeo

Abstract

We stack 3.75 Megaseconds of early XRISM Resolve observations of ten galaxy clusters to search for unidentified spectral lines in the $E=$ 2.5-15 keV band (rest frame), including the $E=3.5$ keV line reported in earlier, low spectral resolution studies of cluster samples. Such an emission line may originate from the decay of the sterile neutrino, a warm dark matter (DM) candidate. No unidentified lines are detected in our stacked cluster spectrum, with the $3\sigma$ upper limit on the $m_{\rm s}\sim$ 7.1 keV DM particle decay rate (which corresponds to a $E=3.55$ keV emission line) of $\Gamma \sim 1.0 \times 10^{-27}$ s$^{-1}$. This upper limit is 3-4 times lower than the one derived by Hitomi Collaboration et al. (2017) from the Perseus observation, but still 5 times higher than the XMM-Newton detection reported by Bulbul et al. (2014) in the stacked cluster sample. XRISM Resolve, with its high spectral resolution but a small field of view, may reach the sensitivity needed to test the XMM-Newton cluster sample detection by combining several years worth of future cluster observations.

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XRISM Collaboration, Marc Audard, Hisamitsu Awaki, Ralf Ballhausen, Aya Bamba, Ehud Behar, Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin, Laura Brenneman, Gregory V. Brown, Lia Corrales, Elisa Costantini, Renata Cumbee, Maria Diaz Trigo, Chris Done, Tadayasu Dotani, Ken Ebisawa, Megan E. Eckart, Dominique Eckert, Satoshi Eguchi, Teruaki Enoto, Yuichiro Ezoe, Adam Foster, Ryuichi Fujimoto, Yutaka Fujita, Yasushi Fukazawa, Kotaro Fukushima, Akihiro Furuzawa, Luigi Gallo, Javier A. García, Liyi Gu, Matteo Guainazzi, Kouichi Hagino, Kenji Hamaguchi, Isamu Hatsukade, Katsuhiro Hayashi, Takayuki Hayashi, Natalie Hell, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Ann Hornschemeier, Yuto Ichinohe, Daiki Ishi, Manabu Ishida, Kumi Ishikawa, Yoshitaka Ishisaki, Jelle Kaastra, Timothy Kallman, Erin Kara, Satoru Katsuda, Yoshiaki Kanemaru, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Shunji Kitamoto, Shogo Kobayashi, Takayoshi Kohmura, Aya Kubota, Maurice Leutenegger, Michael Loewenstein, Yoshitomo Maeda, Maxim Markevitch, Hironori Matsumoto, Kyoko Matsushita, Dan McCammon, Brian McNamara, François Mernier, Eric D. Miller, Jon M. Miller, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Misaki Mizumoto, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Koji Mori, Koji Mukai, Hiroshi Murakami, Richard Mushotzky, Hiroshi Nakajima, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, Jan-Uwe Ness, Kumiko Nobukawa, Masayoshi Nobukawa, Hirofumi Noda, Hirokazu Odaka, Shoji Ogawa, Anna Ogorzałek, Takashi Okajima, Naomi Ota, Stephane Paltani, Robert Petre, Paul Plucinsky, Frederick S. Porter, Katja Pottschmidt, Kosuke Sato, Toshiki Sato, Makoto Sawada, Hiromi Seta, Megumi Shidatsu, Aurora Simionescu, Randall Smith, Hiromasa Suzuki, Andrew Szymkowiak, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Mai Takeo. 2025-10-28. XRISM constraints on unidentified X-ray emission lines, including the 3.5 keV line, in the stacked spectrum of ten galaxy clusters. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24560

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