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arXiv · 2605.02088

Sapphire Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor

Mohan Wang·Tongyu Liu·Zipei Song·Richard Reeves·Frank P. Payne·Igor N. Dyson·Kaihui Zhang·Tao Wang·Jian Zhang·Zhitai Jia·Patrick S. Salter·Martin J. Booth·Julian A. J. Fells
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Abstract

Sapphire optical fiber shows great promise for remote sensing in extreme environments approaching 2000 degC, by using laser-processing to form a single-mode waveguide within it. However, for practical application, longer devices with high manufacturability and reliability are required. We report the design, modeling, fabrication, and optimization of an index-guiding sapphire photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor. The device is fabricated using femtosecond laser direct writing to inscribe both the photonic crystal waveguide and the Bragg grating. A spatial light modulator was used to compensate for the mismatch between the immersion objective and the high-index oil used. This improved the aspect ratio and suppressed cracking during fabrication, for higher reliability. The design results in a 6-fold reduction in fabrication time over an equivalent depressed cladding waveguide, significantly reducing the cost of manufacture. Devices up to 7 cm long were fabricated and spliced to standard single-mode fiber. The propagation loss was estimated to be 0.7 dB/cm and the Bragg gratings had a bandwidth of approximately 0.12 nm. Devices were tested in a furnace showing a temperature sensitivity of between 19.0-32.3 pm/degC over a range 25-1200 degC. These longer devices have the potential to enable practical high precision extreme temperature monitoring in many applications, with lower manufacturing cost and higher reliability.

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Mohan Wang, Tongyu Liu, Zipei Song, Richard Reeves, Frank P. Payne, Igor N. Dyson, Kaihui Zhang, Tao Wang, Jian Zhang, Zhitai Jia, Patrick S. Salter, Martin J. Booth, Julian A. J. Fells. 2026-05-03. Sapphire Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.02088

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