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arXiv · 2605.13962

The Demographics of Sagittarius A* X-ray Flares over 25 Years with Chandra

Zach Sumners·Nicole M. Ford·Daryl Haggard·Joseph M. Michail·Joey Neilsen·Michael A. Nowak·Mayura Balakrishnan·Sophia Sánchez-Maes·Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg·S. P. Willner·Sera Markoff·Howard A. Smith·Joseph L. Hora
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Abstract

We present the Chandra 25-year Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) X-ray flare catalog: a systematic analysis of 6.8 Ms of Sgr A* monitoring spanning the Chandra X-ray Observatory's mission lifetime. This is the most complete Chandra Sgr A* X-ray flare catalog to date, consisting of 100 flares with 2$-$10 keV unabsorbed luminosities ranging from $\sim$ 4$-$575 $\times 10^{33}$ erg s$^{-1}$. 18 flares are reported for the first time, including the second brightest Sgr A* flare observed by Chandra. The expanded dataset supports previous indications of a correlation between X-ray flare hardness and luminosity. Spectral modeling corroborates this finding, showing a change in the X-ray spectral index, from $\Gamma \sim 3$ to 2 with increasing flare brightness. Previously-established correlations between flare duration, fluence, and maximum count rate are strengthened via the greater sample size. These results likely reflect variations in the underlying particle distribution that produce weak and strong flares, and the new catalog serves as a rich archive for ongoing observational and numerical investigations into the physical mechanisms responsible for producing Sgr A*'s X-ray flares.

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Zach Sumners, Nicole M. Ford, Daryl Haggard, Joseph M. Michail, Joey Neilsen, Michael A. Nowak, Mayura Balakrishnan, Sophia Sánchez-Maes, Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg, S. P. Willner, Sera Markoff, Howard A. Smith, Joseph L. Hora. 2026-05-13. The Demographics of Sagittarius A* X-ray Flares over 25 Years with Chandra. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13962

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