First measurement of flux of the neutron background induced by accelerated neutrinos at the J-PARC facility

Abstract

This article reports the measurement of the neutron background flux accidentally induced by the neutrino beam at the J-PARC facility in Japan. In particular, neutrino-nucleus neutral-current quasi-elastic (NCQE) scattering events, $\nu~(\bar{\nu})+\rm{N}\to\nu~(\bar{\nu})+\rm{N'}$, can be obscured by a massive background of neutron-nucleus scattering events. The neutrons are produced within the materials (such as sand and concrete) located between the beam dump and the experimental area where the detectors are placed. We measured the accidental neutron events at the J-PARC neutrino facility using BGO and liquid scintillation detectors, with a plastic scintillation detector serving as an active veto counter. Based on a neutrino-mode data set of $2.972 \times 10^{20}$ POT, we observed 88 neutron-induced recoil proton events within an electron-equivalent recoil energy range of 0.98-11.60 $\rm MeV_{ee}$, selected via pulse-shape discrimination in the liquid scintillation detector. Accounting for the detection efficiency and resolution, and through comparison with simulations, the neutron flux was determined to be$[1.45^{+0.22}_{-0.24}~\rm{(stat.)} \pm 0.55~\rm{(sys.)}] \times 10^{-7}~\rm{cm}^{-2} \rm{s}^{-1}\rm{POT}^{-1}$,assuming an exponential neutron energy spectrum. This result will contribute to the evaluation of neutron backgrounds for neutrino experiments at the J-PARC facility.