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arXiv · 2610.23460

Proton-Number Fluctuations in $^{238}$U+$^{238}$U Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.1$ GeV with the CEE Fast Simulation

Shuaike Lv·Fan Si·Xionghong He·Xu Sun·Yige Huang·Wanbing He·Yifei Zhang·Ming Shao·Ziyang Li
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Abstract

The Cooling Storage Ring External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) offers a unique opportunity to map the QCD phase diagram in the high-baryon-density region. In particular, higher-order cumulants ($C_r$) of event-by-event proton number distributions have been proposed as sensitive probes of the nuclear-matter phase structure. In this work, $^{\text{238}}$U+$^{\text{238}}$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.1$ GeV are generated using the JAM2 model and then processed through the CEE fast simulation with detector responses. Experimental analysis procedures, including centrality determination and particle identification, are also implemented. Proton-number cumulants up to fourth order and their ratios are calculated and compared with the true values. A track-by-track efficiency correction method is tested by introducing reconstruction efficiency within the TPC acceptance. An additional factor is also included to account for acceptance losses caused by the azimuthal gap between the two TPCs. Within the uncertainties of the current data sample, the corrected cumulants and cumulant ratios are consistent with their generator-level values. The event-sample dependence of the cumulant-ratio uncertainties is further investigated to estimate the statistics required for future measurements, revealing a substantial statistical cost associated with the acceptance compensation. These results provide a simulation-based assessment of the analysis feasibility and statistical requirements for proton-number fluctuation measurements at CEE.

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Shuaike Lv, Fan Si, Xionghong He, Xu Sun, Yige Huang, Wanbing He, Yifei Zhang, Ming Shao, Ziyang Li. 2026-10-16. Proton-Number Fluctuations in $^{238}$U+$^{238}$U Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.1$ GeV with the CEE Fast Simulation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23460

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