Calculating gravitational waves at infinity: the missing link

Abstract

Gravitational-wave science requires waveform templates to be computed at future null infinity, the asymptotic boundary of spacetime. Numerical solutions of Einstein's equations typically rely on a Cauchy evolution on a finite computational domain, but can produce waveforms at infinity by performing a subsequent characteristic evolution that compactifies the spacetime. Such waveforms capture expected physical effects, like gravitational-wave memory and late-time, power-law tails. But this characteristic evolution requires initial data consistent with the interior Cauchy solution to avoid producing spurious, long-lived transients. A careful analysis shows that previous prescriptions for this initial data were not sufficiently consistent and provides a way to remedy the problem. The new initial data yield accurate waveforms from the first cycle onward. The construction is independent of the Cauchy formulation and enables the production of catalogs of robust waveforms at infinity.