Multilingual Artificial Datasets for AI-Driven Cardiology: the CliTe and ParaCliTe corpora

Lorenzo Pratesi; Eulalia Farre-Maduell; Machteld Boonstra; Michele Miranda; Jonas Mack; Eduard Rodenas-Alesina; Jonathan Kossoff; Corinne Allaart; Sébastien Bratières; Manuela-Daniela Danu; Isabella Fumarulo; Milou Gamage; Antonio Iaconelli; Pavel Leinveber; Felix Lindberg; Pavel Macháč; Vladimíra Macíková; Gianluigi Savarese; Raffaele Scorza; Bram van Es; Emma Weiss; Andrea Guala; Martin Krallinger; the DataTools4Heart NLP group

arXiv · 2611.09296

Multilingual Artificial Datasets for AI-Driven Cardiology: the CliTe and ParaCliTe corpora

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Abstract

Background and Aims. Comparable, multilingual, validated cardiology corpora are critical to advance trustworthy natural language processing (NLP) models for cardiology but such resources are scarce due to privacy concerns. This study aimed to cover this gap by presenting suitable artificial corpus creation guidelines and by releasing 3 multilanguage corpora. Methods. Following purpose-specific publicly-available corpus construction guidelines, cardiologists from 7 European hospitals generated artificial clinical records in Czech, Dutch, English, Italian, Romanian, Spanish and Swedish, ensuring clinical diversity and sex balance, resulting in the CliTe corpus. A CliTe subset underwent a multi-stage manual translation into the other 6 languages, resulting in the parallel ParaCliTe corpus, while the remaining reports were automatically translated, constituting ParaCliTe Silver. Results. CliTe is a collection of 699 artificial cardiology reports, mostly outpatient notes (340 documents), discharge reports (263), and inpatient notes (89), describing fictional patients with ischaemic heart disease (199 patients), heart failure (188), and valvular disease (79), among others. ParaCliTe contains reports from 94 fictitious patients, each available in seven languages with sentence-level alignment, resulting in 658 documents. The corpus mainly comprises discharge reports (322 documents), and outpatient (196) and inpatient (140) notes, describing patients with heart failure (399 documents), ischaemic heart disease (287), and valvular disease (238). Empirical results illustrate the utility of ParaCliTe and highlight the limitations of state-of-the-art NLP models adapted to the cardiology domain. Conclusions. The creation of multilingual, equitable and realistic corpora of artificial patients capable of strengthening NLP performance for cardiology is feasible when supported by detailed guidelines.

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Lorenzo Pratesi, Eulalia Farre-Maduell, Machteld Boonstra, Michele Miranda, Jonas Mack, Eduard Rodenas-Alesina, Jonathan Kossoff, Corinne Allaart, Sébastien Bratières, Manuela-Daniela Danu, Isabella Fumarulo, Milou Gamage, Antonio Iaconelli, Pavel Leinveber, Felix Lindberg, Pavel Macháč, Vladimíra Macíková, Gianluigi Savarese, Raffaele Scorza, Bram van Es, Emma Weiss, Andrea Guala, Martin Krallinger, the DataTools4Heart NLP group. 2026-11-06. Multilingual Artificial Datasets for AI-Driven Cardiology: the CliTe and ParaCliTe corpora. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09296

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