The Identification of CS2 and Evidence for Carbon-Sulfur Chemical Coupling in a Warm Giant Exoplanet Atmosphere

Abstract

Transmission spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revealing growing chemical complexity in giant exoplanet atmospheres. Of particular interest is sulfur, which had essentially no observational constraints before JWST. Recent work has shown that a planet's atmospheric sulfur content traces its refractory budget and is therefore a sensitive indicator of formation pathways. But despite the growing library of JWST data, the sulfur inventory of giant exoplanets remains poorly constrained: sulfur-bearing species are governed by disequilibrium chemistry and by kinetic networks that are still being revised. Here we present a transmission spectrum of the warm giant planet WASP-80 b obtained with JWST/NIRCam and MIRI over 2.4 $\mu$m--10$\mu$m in three transits. We uniquely identify CS$_2$ in our transmission spectrum using the combination of the two absorption features in NIRCam and MIRI at a significance of $\ln (B)=17.89$ ($\sigma = 6.3$). Our grid-based retrievals yield $\mathrm{[M/H] = \:} 0.54^{+0.17}_{-0.12}$ and $\mathrm{C/O =\:}0.43^{+0.12}_{-0.08}$ which result in $\log(\mathrm{X_{CS_2}})$ abundances of $\sim-4.5$. The latest carbon-sulfur kinetics networks produce substantially greater amounts of CS$_2$ than past works, enabling good fits ($\chi^2/\mathrm{N_{data}}\sim1.2$) to the data without invoking extreme abundance patterns. These results identify CS$_2$ as an observable tracer of sulfur disequilibrium chemistry and provide observational support for theoretically predicted carbon-sulfur chemical coupling in giant exoplanet atmospheres.