Beam monitoring for radiotherapy from conventional to FLASH dose rates using Low Gain Avalanche Silicon detectors

Abstract

We report the performance of low gain avalanche Silicon detectors (LGADs) for instantaneous electron and proton beam monitoring across dose rates ranging from conventional radiotherapy to the FLASH regime, benefiting from the fast response of these detectors of a few nanoseconds. The beam sources provide a dose rate greater than 40~Gy/s through pulses of widths 0.5, 1, 2 and 3~$\mu$s for electron beams and 3, 5, 10 $\mu$s for proton beams. Two different LGAD devices and silicon diodes are tested, yielding a linear dose response for electron beams up to $\sim$450~Gy/s and for proton beams up to $\sim$12~Gy/s. Beyond the linear regime the response continues to increase with a reduced slope and no true signal plateau is observed, at least up to 1800 Gy/s for electrons and 150 Gy/s for protons. This study contributes towards the instantaneous monitoring of increasingly intense flash beams for radiotherapy using fast detectors such as LGADs since measurements can be performed every fraction of $\mu$s.