Improved aluminum film transport properties and enhanced TES response in athermal phonon detectors: implications for quasiparticle dynamics

Abstract

Our detectors for Dark Matter and Coherent Elastic Neutrino--Nucleus Scattering (CE$ν$NS) use photolithographically patterned superconducting athermal phonon sensors that are coupled to kg-scale absorbers of different materials (germanium, silicon, sapphire). Following a particle interaction, athermal phonons from the bulk absorber break Cooper pairs in a superconducting aluminum film that surrounds a tungsten Transition Edge Sensor (TES) in equilibrium through electrothermal feedback. This sensor design is called Quasiparticle-trap-assisted Electro-thermal-feedback Transition-edge-sensor (QET). The QET aluminum film that absorbs the athermal phonons is patterned into fins with lengths limited by the quasiparticle diffusion length in aluminum. Improving the quasiparticle diffusion length in the superconducting aluminum is an area of vigorous research to improve phonon collection efficiency and increase the signal strength for lower-threshold searches. We report significantly improved aluminum films that show systematically larger grain sizes and residual-resistivity ratio (RRR) compared to detectors we have fabricated in the past. The improved RRR and grain sizes were expected to improve the collected signal for a given energy. We report higher signal strength achieved in a detector in comparison to another detector in which all other fabrication parameters were kept identical except for the aluminum film deposition.