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arXiv · 2611.04531

A New Bound on Light-by-Light Scattering in the Low-Energy Regime

Aimé Matheron·Michal Šmíd·Felix Karbstein·Sebastian Göde·Willi Hippler·Robert Lötzsch·Naser Ahmadiniaz·Michal Andrzejewski·Sergey Antipov·Carsten Baehtz·Christina Bömer·Victorien Bouffetier·Erik Brambrink·Jakub Bulička·Samuele Di Dio Cafiso·Rafael Celestre·Jaromír Chalupský·Thomas E. Cowan·James P. Edwards·Sebastián Franchino-Viñas·Holger Gies·Jörg Grenzer·Travis Griffin·Věra Hájková·Jens Hauser·Thomas Heinzl·Uwe Hernandez Acosta·Peter Hilz·Hauke Höppner·Alžběta Horynová·Lingen Huang·Oliver Humphries·Šimon Jelínek·Libor Juha·Pooyan Khademi·Ben King·Christian Kohlfürst·Dietrich Krebs·Alejandro Laso-García·Alexander J. Macleod·Berit Marx-Glowna·Masruri Masruri·Nikita Medvedev·Anthony Mercuri-Baron·Elena A. Mosman·Motoaki Nakatsutsumi·Gerhard G. Paulus·Jennifer Popp·Thomas R. Preston·Isabella Probst·Sripati V. Rahul·Lisa Randolph·Ralf Röhlsberger·Thomas Roth·Sakshath Sadashivaiah·Felipe C. Salgado·Roland Sauerbrey·Alexander Sävert·Hans-Peter Schlenvoigt·Sebastian M. Schmidt·Ulrich Schramm·Ralf Schützhold·Jan Patrick Schwinkendorf·Frank Seiboth·Daniel Seipt·Georgiy Shoulga·Thomas Stöhlker·Minxue Tang·Abha Thazhathe Peedika·Monika Toncian·Toma Toncian·Maksim Valialshchikov·Vojtěch Vozda·Edgar Weckert·Colin Wessel·Jan Wild·Andreas Wipf·Ulf Zastrau·Matt Zepf
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Abstract

The superposition principle at the heart of optics states that electromagnetic fields do not interact in vacuum. This principle is not universal, instead electromagnetic fields couple weakly via quantum vacuum fluctuations. Striking consequences are light-by-light scattering and vacuum birefringence. Experimental results from colliding X-ray free-electron and optical high-intensity lasers combined with dark-field detection and polarimetry for background suppression are reported. This approach yields the most stringent bound for light-by-light scattering in the low-energy regime achieved to date -- improving upon previous experimental limits by ten orders of magnitude -- and paves the way for precision measurements.

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Aimé Matheron, Michal Šmíd, Felix Karbstein, Sebastian Göde, Willi Hippler, Robert Lötzsch, Naser Ahmadiniaz, Michal Andrzejewski, Sergey Antipov, Carsten Baehtz, Christina Bömer, Victorien Bouffetier, Erik Brambrink, Jakub Bulička, Samuele Di Dio Cafiso, Rafael Celestre, Jaromír Chalupský, Thomas E. Cowan, James P. Edwards, Sebastián Franchino-Viñas, Holger Gies, Jörg Grenzer, Travis Griffin, Věra Hájková, Jens Hauser, Thomas Heinzl, Uwe Hernandez Acosta, Peter Hilz, Hauke Höppner, Alžběta Horynová, Lingen Huang, Oliver Humphries, Šimon Jelínek, Libor Juha, Pooyan Khademi, Ben King, Christian Kohlfürst, Dietrich Krebs, Alejandro Laso-García, Alexander J. Macleod, Berit Marx-Glowna, Masruri Masruri, Nikita Medvedev, Anthony Mercuri-Baron, Elena A. Mosman, Motoaki Nakatsutsumi, Gerhard G. Paulus, Jennifer Popp, Thomas R. Preston, Isabella Probst, Sripati V. Rahul, Lisa Randolph, Ralf Röhlsberger, Thomas Roth, Sakshath Sadashivaiah, Felipe C. Salgado, Roland Sauerbrey, Alexander Sävert, Hans-Peter Schlenvoigt, Sebastian M. Schmidt, Ulrich Schramm, Ralf Schützhold, Jan Patrick Schwinkendorf, Frank Seiboth, Daniel Seipt, Georgiy Shoulga, Thomas Stöhlker, Minxue Tang, Abha Thazhathe Peedika, Monika Toncian, Toma Toncian, Maksim Valialshchikov, Vojtěch Vozda, Edgar Weckert, Colin Wessel, Jan Wild, Andreas Wipf, Ulf Zastrau, Matt Zepf. 2026-11-03. A New Bound on Light-by-Light Scattering in the Low-Energy Regime. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.04531

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