Integrated Reference Cavity for Dual-mode Optical Thermometry and Frequency Stabilization

Abstract

Optical frequency stabilization is a critical component for precision scientific systems including quantum sensing, precision metrology, and atomic timekeeping. Ultra-high quality factor photonic integrated optical resonators are a prime candidate for reducing their size, weight and cost as well as moving these systems on chip. However, integrated resonators suffer from temperature-dependent resonance drift due to the large thermal response as well as sensitivity to external environmental perturbations. Suppression of the cavity resonance drift can be achieved using precision interrogation of the cavity temperature through the dual-mode optical thermometry. This approach enables measurement of the cavity temperature change by detecting the resonance difference shift between two polarization or optical frequency modes. Yet this approach has to date only been demonstrated in bulk-optic whispering gallery mode and fiber resonators. In this paper, we implement dual-mode optical thermometry using dual polarization modes in a silicon nitride waveguide resonator for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The temperature responsivity and sensitivity of the dual-mode TE/TM resonance difference is 180.7$\pm$2.5 MHz/K and 82.56 $\mu$K, respectively, in a silicon nitride resonator with a 179.9E6 intrinsic TM mode Q factor and a 26.6E6 intrinsic TE mode Q factor. Frequency stabilization is demonstrated by locking a laser to the TM mode cavity resonance and applying the dual-mode resonance difference to a feedforward laser frequency drift correction circuit with a drift rate improvement to 0.31 kHz/s over the uncompensated 10.03 kHz/s drift rate. Allan deviation measurements with dual-mode feedforward-correction engaged shows that a fractional frequency instability of 9.6E-11 over 77 s can be achieved.