StarDICE I: sensor calibration bench and absolute photometric calibration of a Sony IMX411 sensor

Abstract

The Hubble diagram of type-Ia supernovae (SNe-Ia) provides cosmological constraints on the nature of dark energy with an accuracy limited by the flux calibration of currently available spectrophotometric standards. The StarDICE experiment aims at establishing a 5-stage metrology chain from NIST photodiodes to stars, with a targeted accuracy of \SI{1}{mmag} in $griz$ colors. We present the first two stages, resulting in the calibration transfer from NIST photodiodes to a demonstration \SI{150}{Mpixel} CMOS sensor (Sony IMX411ALR as implemented in the QHY411M camera by QHYCCD). As a side-product, we provide full characterization of this camera. A fully automated spectrophotometric bench is built to perform the calibration transfer. The sensor readout electronics is studied using thousands of flat-field images from which we derive stability, high resolution photon transfer curves and estimates of the individual pixel gain. The sensor quantum efficiency is then measured relative to a NIST-calibrated photodiode. Flat-field scans at 16 different wavelengths are used to build maps of the sensor response. We demonstrate statistical uncertainty on quantum efficiency below \SI{0.001}{e^-/\gamma} between \SI{387}{nm} and \SI{950}{nm}. Systematic uncertainties in the bench optics are controlled at the level of \SI{1e-3}{e^-/\gamma}. Uncertainty in the overall normalization of the QE curve is 1\%. Regarding the camera we demonstrate stability in steady state conditions at the level of \SI{32.5}{ppm}. Homogeneity in the response is below \SI{1}{\percent} RMS across the entire sensor area. Quantum efficiency stays above \SI{50}{\percent} in most of the visible range, peaking well above \SI{80}{\percent} between \SI{440}{nm} and \SI{570}{nm}. Differential non-linearities at the level of \SI{1}{\percent} are detected. A simple 2-parameter model is proposed to mitigate the effect.