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arXiv · 2503.12263

The Science of the Einstein Telescope

Adrian Abac·Raul Abramo·Simone Albanesi·Angelica Albertini·Alessandro Agapito·Michalis Agathos·Conrado Albertus·Nils Andersson·Tomas Andrade·Igor Andreoni·Federico Angeloni·Marco Antonelli·John Antoniadis·Fabio Antonini·Manuel Arca Sedda·M. Celeste Artale·Stefano Ascenzi·Pierre Auclair·Matteo Bachetti·Charles Badger·Biswajit Banerjee·David Barba-Gonzalez·Daniel Barta·Nicola Bartolo·Andreas Bauswein·Andrea Begnoni·Freija Beirnaert·Michal Bejger·Enis Belgacem·Nicola Bellomo·Laura Bernard·Maria Grazia Bernardini·Sebastiano Bernuzzi·Christopher P. L. Berry·Emanuele Berti·Gianfranco Bertone·Dario Bettoni·Miguel Bezares·Swetha Bhagwat·Sofia Bisero·Marie Anne Bizouard·Jose J. Blanco-Pillado·Simone Blasi·Alice Bonino·Alice Borghese·Ssohrab Borhanian·Elisa Bortolas·Maria Teresa Botticella·Marica Branchesi·Matteo Breschi·Richard Brito·Enzo Brocato·Floor S. Broekgaarden·Tomasz Bulik·Alessandra Buonanno·Fiorella Burgio·Adam Burrows·Gianluca Calcagni·Sofia Canevarolo·Enrico Cappellaro·Giulia Capurri·Carmelita Carbone·Roberto Casadio·Ramiro Cayuso·Pablo Cerda-Duran·Prasanta Char·Sylvain Chaty·Tommaso Chiarusi·Martyna Chruslinska·Francesco Cireddu·Philippa Cole·Alberto Colombo·Monica Colpi·Geoffrey Compere·Carlo Contaldi·Maxence Corman·Francesco Crescimbeni·Sergio Cristallo·Elena Cuoco·Giulia Cusin·Tito Dal Canton·Gergely Dalya·Paolo D'Avanzo·Nazanin Davari·Valerio De Luca·Viola De Renzis·Massimo Della Valle·Walter Del Pozzo·Federico De Santi·Alessio Ludovico De Santis·Tim Dietrich·Ema Dimastrogiovanni·Guillem Domenech·Daniela Doneva·Marco Drago·Ulyana Dupletsa·Hannah Duval·Irina Dvorkin·Nancy Elias-Rosa·Stephen Fairhurst
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Abstract

Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that ET will have on domains as broad and diverse as fundamental physics, cosmology, early Universe, astrophysics of compact objects, physics of matter in extreme conditions, and dynamics of stellar collapse. We discuss how the study of extreme astrophysical events will be enhanced by multi-messenger observations. We highlight the ET synergies with ground-based and space-borne GW observatories, including multi-band investigations of the same sources, improved parameter estimation, and complementary information on astrophysical or cosmological mechanisms obtained combining observations from different frequency bands. We present advancements in waveform modeling dedicated to third-generation observatories, along with open tools developed within the ET Collaboration for assessing the scientific potentials of different detector configurations. We finally discuss the data analysis challenges posed by third-generation observatories, which will enable access to large populations of sources and provide unprecedented precision.

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Adrian Abac, Raul Abramo, Simone Albanesi, Angelica Albertini, Alessandro Agapito, Michalis Agathos, Conrado Albertus, Nils Andersson, Tomas Andrade, Igor Andreoni, Federico Angeloni, Marco Antonelli, John Antoniadis, Fabio Antonini, Manuel Arca Sedda, M. Celeste Artale, Stefano Ascenzi, Pierre Auclair, Matteo Bachetti, Charles Badger, Biswajit Banerjee, David Barba-Gonzalez, Daniel Barta, Nicola Bartolo, Andreas Bauswein, Andrea Begnoni, Freija Beirnaert, Michal Bejger, Enis Belgacem, Nicola Bellomo, Laura Bernard, Maria Grazia Bernardini, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Christopher P. L. Berry, Emanuele Berti, Gianfranco Bertone, Dario Bettoni, Miguel Bezares, Swetha Bhagwat, Sofia Bisero, Marie Anne Bizouard, Jose J. Blanco-Pillado, Simone Blasi, Alice Bonino, Alice Borghese, Ssohrab Borhanian, Elisa Bortolas, Maria Teresa Botticella, Marica Branchesi, Matteo Breschi, Richard Brito, Enzo Brocato, Floor S. Broekgaarden, Tomasz Bulik, Alessandra Buonanno, Fiorella Burgio, Adam Burrows, Gianluca Calcagni, Sofia Canevarolo, Enrico Cappellaro, Giulia Capurri, Carmelita Carbone, Roberto Casadio, Ramiro Cayuso, Pablo Cerda-Duran, Prasanta Char, Sylvain Chaty, Tommaso Chiarusi, Martyna Chruslinska, Francesco Cireddu, Philippa Cole, Alberto Colombo, Monica Colpi, Geoffrey Compere, Carlo Contaldi, Maxence Corman, Francesco Crescimbeni, Sergio Cristallo, Elena Cuoco, Giulia Cusin, Tito Dal Canton, Gergely Dalya, Paolo D'Avanzo, Nazanin Davari, Valerio De Luca, Viola De Renzis, Massimo Della Valle, Walter Del Pozzo, Federico De Santi, Alessio Ludovico De Santis, Tim Dietrich, Ema Dimastrogiovanni, Guillem Domenech, Daniela Doneva, Marco Drago, Ulyana Dupletsa, Hannah Duval, Irina Dvorkin, Nancy Elias-Rosa, Stephen Fairhurst. 2025-03-15. The Science of the Einstein Telescope. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2026/03/081

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