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arXiv · 2511.19863

International AI Safety Report 2025: Second Key Update: Technical Safeguards and Risk Management

Yoshua Bengio·Stephen Clare·Carina Prunkl·Maksym Andriushchenko·Ben Bucknall·Philip Fox·Nestor Maslej·Conor McGlynn·Malcolm Murray·Shalaleh Rismani·Stephen Casper·Jessica Newman·Daniel Privitera·Sören Mindermann·Daron Acemoglu·Thomas G. Dietterich·Fredrik Heintz·Geoffrey Hinton·Nick Jennings·Susan Leavy·Teresa Ludermir·Vidushi Marda·Helen Margetts·John McDermid·Jane Munga·Arvind Narayanan·Alondra Nelson·Clara Neppel·Gopal Ramchurn·Stuart Russell·Marietje Schaake·Bernhard Schölkopf·Alavaro Soto·Lee Tiedrich·Gaël Varoquaux·Andrew Yao·Ya-Qin Zhang·Leandro Aguirre·Olubunmi Ajala·Fahad Albalawi·Noora AlMalek·Christian Busch·André Carvalho·Jonathan Collas·Amandeep Gill·Ahmet Hatip·Juha Heikkilä·Chris Johnson·Gill Jolly·Ziv Katzir·Mary Kerema·Hiroaki Kitano·Antonio Krüger·Aoife McLysaght·Oleksii Molchanovskyi·Andrea Monti·Kyoung Mu Lee·Mona Nemer·Nuria Oliver·Raquel Pezoa·Audrey Plonk·José Portillo·Balaraman Ravindran·Hammam Riza·Crystal Rugege·Haroon Sheikh·Denise Wong·Yi Zeng·Liming Zhu
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Abstract

This second update to the 2025 International AI Safety Report assesses new developments in general-purpose AI risk management over the past year. It examines how researchers, public institutions, and AI developers are approaching risk management for general-purpose AI. In recent months, for example, three leading AI developers applied enhanced safeguards to their new models, as their internal pre-deployment testing could not rule out the possibility that these models could be misused to help create biological weapons. Beyond specific precautionary measures, there have been a range of other advances in techniques for making AI models and systems more reliable and resistant to misuse. These include new approaches in adversarial training, data curation, and monitoring systems. In parallel, institutional frameworks that operationalise and formalise these technical capabilities are starting to emerge: the number of companies publishing Frontier AI Safety Frameworks more than doubled in 2025, and governments and international organisations have established a small number of governance frameworks for general-purpose AI, focusing largely on transparency and risk assessment.

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Yoshua Bengio, Stephen Clare, Carina Prunkl, Maksym Andriushchenko, Ben Bucknall, Philip Fox, Nestor Maslej, Conor McGlynn, Malcolm Murray, Shalaleh Rismani, Stephen Casper, Jessica Newman, Daniel Privitera, Sören Mindermann, Daron Acemoglu, Thomas G. Dietterich, Fredrik Heintz, Geoffrey Hinton, Nick Jennings, Susan Leavy, Teresa Ludermir, Vidushi Marda, Helen Margetts, John McDermid, Jane Munga, Arvind Narayanan, Alondra Nelson, Clara Neppel, Gopal Ramchurn, Stuart Russell, Marietje Schaake, Bernhard Schölkopf, Alavaro Soto, Lee Tiedrich, Gaël Varoquaux, Andrew Yao, Ya-Qin Zhang, Leandro Aguirre, Olubunmi Ajala, Fahad Albalawi, Noora AlMalek, Christian Busch, André Carvalho, Jonathan Collas, Amandeep Gill, Ahmet Hatip, Juha Heikkilä, Chris Johnson, Gill Jolly, Ziv Katzir, Mary Kerema, Hiroaki Kitano, Antonio Krüger, Aoife McLysaght, Oleksii Molchanovskyi, Andrea Monti, Kyoung Mu Lee, Mona Nemer, Nuria Oliver, Raquel Pezoa, Audrey Plonk, José Portillo, Balaraman Ravindran, Hammam Riza, Crystal Rugege, Haroon Sheikh, Denise Wong, Yi Zeng, Liming Zhu. 2025-11-25. International AI Safety Report 2025: Second Key Update: Technical Safeguards and Risk Management. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.19863

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