Quantum cascade laser roadmap

Carlo Silvestri; Aleksandar D. Rakić; Dragan Indjin; Ali Khalatpour; Christian Jirauschek; Aleksandar Demic; Zoran Ikonic; Paul Dean; Nikola Vuković; Jelena Radovanović; Lianhe Li; Edmund Linfield; Michael Jaidl; Karl Unterrainer; Giacomo Scalari; Jérôme Faist; Lorenzo Luigi Columbo; Massimo Brambilla; Marco Piccardo; Sukhdeep Dhillon; Mithun Roy; David Burghoff; Karl Bertling; Jari Torniainen; Xiaoqiong Qi; Thomas Taimre; Olivier Spitz; Frédéric Grillot; Marilena Giglio; Angelo Sampaolo; Pietro Patimisco; Vincenzo Spagnolo; Eva A. A. Pogna; Xiao Guo; Rainer Hillenbrand; Mengkun Liu; Michael Brünig; Adrian Cernescu; Alexander A. Govyadinov; Tecla Gabbrielli; Jacopo Pelini; Irene La Penna; Alessia Sorgi; Paolo De Natale; Davide Mazzotti; Iacopo Galli; Luigi Consolino; Francesco Cappelli; Simone Borri

arXiv · 2602.17042

Quantum cascade laser roadmap

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are unipolar semiconductor lasers first demonstrated in 1994. Since then, they have played a central role in advancing mid-infrared and terahertz photonics, becoming among the most reliable light sources in these regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Their importance is further reinforced by their ability to generate self-starting optical frequency combs, whose investigation is motivated both by fundamental physics and by a wide range of applications, including molecular spectroscopy and free-space optical communications. This Roadmap provides a unified overview of current advances and emerging directions in QCL research. The chapters are organized into three main sections: device design and technology; frequency combs and pulse formation; and applications of QCLs. Each chapter reviews the relevant background, summarizes the current state of the art, and identifies key challenges and future directions within its specific research area.

Explore related subjects

physics.optics

Keep this discovery

BibTeX RIS

Carlo Silvestri, Aleksandar D. Rakić, Dragan Indjin, Ali Khalatpour, Christian Jirauschek, Aleksandar Demic, Zoran Ikonic, Paul Dean, Nikola Vuković, Jelena Radovanović, Lianhe Li, Edmund Linfield, Michael Jaidl, Karl Unterrainer, Giacomo Scalari, Jérôme Faist, Lorenzo Luigi Columbo, Massimo Brambilla, Marco Piccardo, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Mithun Roy, David Burghoff, Karl Bertling, Jari Torniainen, Xiaoqiong Qi, Thomas Taimre, Olivier Spitz, Frédéric Grillot, Marilena Giglio, Angelo Sampaolo, Pietro Patimisco, Vincenzo Spagnolo, Eva A. A. Pogna, Xiao Guo, Rainer Hillenbrand, Mengkun Liu, Michael Brünig, Adrian Cernescu, Alexander A. Govyadinov, Tecla Gabbrielli, Jacopo Pelini, Irene La Penna, Alessia Sorgi, Paolo De Natale, Davide Mazzotti, Iacopo Galli, Luigi Consolino, Francesco Cappelli, Simone Borri. 2026-02-19. Quantum cascade laser roadmap. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.17042

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Two-step high-accuracy microwave frequency measurement and time-frequency analysis based on optical frequency combs

Broadband microwave frequency measurement and time-frequency analysis are crucial for applications such as electronic warfare. However, when it comes to ultra wideband signal analysis, traditional electronic methods have high analysis accuracy, but intrinsic electronic bottlenecks limit their real-time analysis. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a two-step microwave frequency measurement and time-frequency analysis method based on optical frequency combs. The system first performs coarse frequency localization over the 0-40 GHz range using stimulated-Brillouin-scattering-assisted frequency-to-time mapping (FTTM) and dual-comb channelized reception. The dual-comb is then reapplied for downconverting the signal under test, followed by digital signal processing to achieve high-accuracy unambiguous frequency extraction. Experimental results show that the system achieves mean single-tone frequency measurement errors of less than 10 kHz over 0-40 GHz. We further experimentally measure multi-tone, linearly frequency-modulated, and V-shaped frequency-modulated signals, demonstrating the proposed method's capability for analyzing complex signals.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

A Two-Mirror Faceted Projection System for EUV Lithography

We propose an all-reflective two-mirror projection system for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography operating at exposure wavelengths of $13.5$~nm (Mo/Si) and $11.2$~nm (Ru/Be), delivering a fourfold ($4\times$) demagnification of the periodic mask pattern at a numerical aperture approaching unity ($\mathrm{NA}_{\max} \approx 0.993$). In contrast to conventional EUV projection objectives that incorporate 6--10 aspheric mirrors with an overall optical throughput of less than $15\%$, the proposed design redirects each accepted discrete spatial diffraction order scattered by the mask onto the wafer via a dedicated pair of planar mirror facets. The number of reflections is strictly fixed at two for all accepted orders, retaining $50$--$60\%$ of the power leaving the mask in each accepted order. We derive a spatial geometry providing rigorous optical path length equalization across all diffraction orders, thereby removing order-dependent propagation phase shifts. Individually optimized 30-bilayer Bragg multilayer coatings are designed for each facet using the transfer matrix method combined with global evolutionary optimization algorithms. The architecture is generalized to a three-dimensional vector formulation with a two-dimensionally periodic mask. Utilizing inverse lithography technology, Fourier parameterization, and a differentiable electromagnetic modal waveguide solver, we solve the synthesis problem for binary absorber masks (La absorber on a Ru/Be/Sr multilayer mirror). We demonstrate simulated aerial images of sub-10-nm features on the wafer (isolated peaks with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of approximately $5.4$~nm and line pairs with a critical dimension of $6$~nm) and find that the two peaks remain resolved for the tested wafer defocus values from $0$ to $5$~nm along the $z$-axis.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Antimony for broadband nanophotonics across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared

Semimetal elemental antimony (Sb) nanostructures show great potential for applications where nanophotonic properties play a key role, such as phase-change optical memories, non-linear optical elements, photothermal therapy agents, photodetectors and photocatalysts. However, designing advanced Sb-based photonic devices critically requires an accurate and reliable knowledge of the optical response of bulk and nanoscale Sb. Herein, we report for the first time a fully consistent and accurately measured dielectric function for Sb nanoscale films in a wide spectral range from the ultraviolet to the far infrared (4 - 0.04 eV, i.e. ~ 0.3 - 30 $\mu$m), surpassing previous reports that explored a limited spectral range. It is found that the Sb spectral response is driven exclusively by giant interband transitions in the visible up to mid infrared (4 - 0.4 eV, i.e. ~ 0.3 - 3 $\mu$m), and that their contribution dominates over that of free carriers down to 0.12 eV (i.e. ~ 10 $\mu$m). Such spectral response enables Sb nanostructures to display spectrally selective and tunable nanophotonic resonances. First, we showcase interband plasmonic resonances in the visible-to-near infrared for Sb nanogratings. Second, we report giant refractive index dielectric resonances in the mid infrared for nanostructured Sb/dielectric/metal resonant cavities. These findings open a pathway to optimized planar Sb nanoscale designs enabling a tailored light-matter interaction, which will be useful for integrated data, telecom, medical, optoelectronic and energy conversion devices operating in a broad spectral range.

physics.optics↗