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arXiv · 2609.26938

The Simons Observatory: Commissioning of the Mid-Frequency Small Aperture Telescopes

Kathleen Harrington·Remington Gerras·Nicholas Galitzki·Samuel Day-Weiss·Yoshinori Sueno·Thomas Alford·Michael J. Randall·Kyohei Yamada·Maximiliano Silva-Feaver·Kevin Crowley·Shunsuke Adachi·Alexandre E. Adler·Prakamya Agrawal·Simone Aiola·David Alonso·Kam Arnold·Susanna Azzoni·Andrew Bazarko·Sanah Bhimani·Simon Biquard·Bryce Bixler·Josh Borrow·Michael L. Brown·Erminia Calabrese·Yuji Chinone·Steve K. Choi·Nadia Dachlythra·Mark Devlin·Simon Dicker·Peter N. Dow·Shannon M. Duff·Jo Dunkley·Rolando Dunner·Daniel Dutcher·Hamza El Bouhargani·Josquin Errard·Allen Foster·Ken Ganga·John Groh·Yilun Guan·Jon E. Gudmundsson·Saianeesh Haridas·Masaya Hasegawa·Matthew Hasselfield·Shawn W. Henderson·Carlos Hervías-Caimapo·Adam D. Hincks·Renée Hložek·Johannes Hubmayr·Bradley R. Johnson·Yutaro Kasai·Brian Keating·Ben Keller·Theodore Kisner·Brian J. Koopman·Akito Kusaka·Adrian Lee·JB Lloyd·Anto Lonappan·Marius Lungu·Aashrita Mangu·Michael McCrackan·Jeff McMahon·Jenna Moore·Thomas W. Morris·Hironobu Nakata·Federico Nati·Laura Newburgh·David V. Nguyen·John Orlowski-Scherer·Lyman Page·Ioannis Paraskevakos·Tristan Pinsonneault-Marotte·Erik Rosenberg·Yuki Sakurai·Goureesankar Sathyanathan·Thomas P. Satterthwaite·Yudai Seino·Elle Shaw·Sara M. Simon·Suzanne T. Staggs·Junna Sugiyama·Junya Suzuki·Satoru Takakura·Osamu Tajima·Alex Thomas·Daniel B. Thomas·Tran Tsan·Eve Vavagiakis·Yuhan Wang·John Wilson
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Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment observing from an altitude of 5,200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO Small Aperture Telescopes (SATs) will cover six spectral bands between 30 and 280 GHz primarily to search for evidence of primordial gravitational waves in the large angular scale $B$-modes of the CMB polarization. The first two Mid-Frequency (MF) SATs, operating in the 90 and 150 GHz frequency bands, began commissioning observations in late 2023, and we present the results of those observations here. Each MF SAT operates with approximately 9,400 biased transition-edge sensors (TES) at 1 mm of precipitable water vapor (PWV), representing a typical 80% yield. Planet observations confirm the telescope optics performance, calibrate the instrument response, and measure the end-to-end optical efficiency of the SATs. The realized instrument efficiencies are within the range expected based on instrument model predictions. In nominal observing conditions, the noise equivalent temperatures from both telescopes combined are $2.4~\mathrm{μK_{CMB}\sqrt{s}}$ at 90 GHz and $3.2~\mathrm{μK_{CMB}\sqrt{s}}$ at 150 GHz, substantially outperforming the baseline instantaneous sensitivity targets for the observatory.

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Kathleen Harrington, Remington Gerras, Nicholas Galitzki, Samuel Day-Weiss, Yoshinori Sueno, Thomas Alford, Michael J. Randall, Kyohei Yamada, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Kevin Crowley, Shunsuke Adachi, Alexandre E. Adler, Prakamya Agrawal, Simone Aiola, David Alonso, Kam Arnold, Susanna Azzoni, Andrew Bazarko, Sanah Bhimani, Simon Biquard, Bryce Bixler, Josh Borrow, Michael L. Brown, Erminia Calabrese, Yuji Chinone, Steve K. Choi, Nadia Dachlythra, Mark Devlin, Simon Dicker, Peter N. Dow, Shannon M. Duff, Jo Dunkley, Rolando Dunner, Daniel Dutcher, Hamza El Bouhargani, Josquin Errard, Allen Foster, Ken Ganga, John Groh, Yilun Guan, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Saianeesh Haridas, Masaya Hasegawa, Matthew Hasselfield, Shawn W. Henderson, Carlos Hervías-Caimapo, Adam D. Hincks, Renée Hložek, Johannes Hubmayr, Bradley R. Johnson, Yutaro Kasai, Brian Keating, Ben Keller, Theodore Kisner, Brian J. Koopman, Akito Kusaka, Adrian Lee, JB Lloyd, Anto Lonappan, Marius Lungu, Aashrita Mangu, Michael McCrackan, Jeff McMahon, Jenna Moore, Thomas W. Morris, Hironobu Nakata, Federico Nati, Laura Newburgh, David V. Nguyen, John Orlowski-Scherer, Lyman Page, Ioannis Paraskevakos, Tristan Pinsonneault-Marotte, Erik Rosenberg, Yuki Sakurai, Goureesankar Sathyanathan, Thomas P. Satterthwaite, Yudai Seino, Elle Shaw, Sara M. Simon, Suzanne T. Staggs, Junna Sugiyama, Junya Suzuki, Satoru Takakura, Osamu Tajima, Alex Thomas, Daniel B. Thomas, Tran Tsan, Eve Vavagiakis, Yuhan Wang, John Wilson. 2026-09-22. The Simons Observatory: Commissioning of the Mid-Frequency Small Aperture Telescopes. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26938

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